The European Union is an integration of states that have different beginnings, political systems and economies. At the moment the EU is made of 27 member countries with a combined population of over 500 million. What made this union to be homogenous was the creation of a single currency known as the euro. This led all citizens of the EU to depend mostly on the union for the improvement of their respective economies. Firstly, a new currency The Euro, has been introduced in January 2001 in order to create an homogeneous market. This event has been very important to the nations that were included in the EU because it provided the same currency for all states. As a matter of fact free trade between nations of the union could be applied without affecting transaction and, therefore, excluding banks from deals like those which included changes of currencies and avoiding government policies between states with different legislations.This saved enormous time for cross-border trade between states that had different currencies. A single currency offers enormous advantages,such as override fluctuating exchange rates and exchange costs. Avoiding fluctuation of the values make the economy to be more stable. Since the introduction TheEuropean Central Bank is in charge of managing monetary issues of the EU. The main goal is to maintain a stable price and value. The ECB has interest as well as setting a number of interests rates for the euro zone to improve its reservoir for the
It controls interest rates through the federal fund rate, which is correlated with the prime rate of lenders. If the economy is growing too fast and inflation is on the rise, it will “slow” the economy by raising interest rates. These raised interest rates cause people to borrow less, and thus inflation decreases. If the economy needs to be catalyzed, the Federal Reserve lowers interest rates. This causes people to borrow more, thus stimulating the economy and raising inflation.
The Federal Reserve controls over the federal fund rates give it the ability to influence the general level of short-term market interest rates. The Fed has three main tools at its disposal to influence monetary policy which are the open-market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements. b. Monetary policy is the actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. The concept of Monetary Policy simply stated is that the cost of credit is reduced, more people and firms will borrow money and the economy will heat up. c. The controls that Federal Reserve used worked because the use of the three main tools the Fed uses is the most important that can manipulate monetary policy.
Did the EU’s goal of shared peace between lots of different cultures and people work out? The European Union, also known as the EU is a supranational organization that consists of 28 different countries. The EU was made to bring together countries that were torn apart by the war and to create peace between those countries. The EU works toward shared goals and issues yet remain separate countries all the same. The benefits of being a member in the European Union does not outweigh the costs due to loss of sovereignty, social unrest and peace, economic issues, and cultural identity with the diversity of languages and cultures.
The first constitution of the unites states that was ever written was called the Articles of Confederation drafted by congress on 1777. The Articles of Confederation were created to balance the need for national coordination of the war of independence. The articles made sure that each state no matter how big or populated it was only casted one vote to make it fair for everyone. The only power the articles gave the government was regarding its independence, this included declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, as well as making treaties with other governments. The main advantage of the Articles of Confederation was that it aided to maintain the independence and sovereignty of each state.
The United States Government can be described in two ways. There is unified government, which appears when the President and both houses of congress share the same party. Divided government is the opposite, it occurs when one party controls the white house, and another party controls one or more houses of Congress. A unified government should seem to be more productive because enacting laws would be much easier. A bill has to pass through both houses of congress as well as the president before it can be an official law.
During the 1850s, an idea of uniting Australia as one and forming a federation slowly emerged into the society. Many different opinions came up and at first but the idea didn’t appeal to many leading for it to be abandoned and left untouched for years. The communication and transport between nations was put behind the interests of the people as each colony thought that their own interests were more important and should be placed first. In the 1880’s though, people starting to give some serious thought on the idea of combining the nations that made up of Australia at that time and thoughts such as an uniform law system started to break the surfaces. On January 1st 1901, Federation was finally achieved and Australia was truly united as one.
The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress. George Washington, the appointed commander in chief, led his men to win three out of the nine major battles during the American Revolution. The Continental Army faced several disadvantages such as lack of training, freezing climate, and shortages of supplies during the War for Independence. In establishing the Continental Army, the Congress had to create a single army out of the different men that volunteered from the 13 colonies.
President Woodrow Wilson established America’s goal for joining World War I as “making the world safe for democracy.” At the conclusion of the War, President Wilson declared fourteen principles for peace to be used during the Paris Peace Conference, called the Fourteen Points. The most important of these points was the final point: a general association of nations with the guarantees of political and territorial independence and security. As the Peace Conference progressed, more nations ratified the Treaty of Versailles and joined the League of Nations, the embodiment of President Wilson’s fourteenth point. However, Senate the United States, from President Wilson’s own country, did not ratify the treaty.
Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter states that, "all member states shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, nor in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations” . It is therefore a unilateral agreement signed by member states against the use of force when dealing each other. World events however since the signing and ratification of the UN Charter have indicated that states who are signatories to the charter continue to use force against each other for various reasons. Some 25 years after the writing and ratification of the charter one cannot doubt that states have used force and sought to justify it through individual or collective self-defence claims, as well as humanitarian claims in furtherance of national agendas and to increase territory. This no doubt may have been what frustrated Franck into the stance that Article 2(4) was in its grave.
Introduction Human rights are rights that are entitled to every individual regardless of nationality and citizenship as it is inherent, inalienable, and universal. The presence of basic human rights are vital in upholding a civilized society. The idea of having individual rights and freedom is not a new concept in Britain, in fact it has very deep roots. History shows landmark advancements such as Magna Carta 1215, Habeas Corpus Act 1679, and Bill of Rights and Claim of Rights 1689 all had important roles in protecting citizen’s rights.
1) Government may intervene in a market in order to try and restore economic efficiency. One of the ways the government intervention can help overcome market failure is through the introduction of a price floors and price ceilings. If prices are seen to be too high, price ceiling or a maximum price could be imposed on a market in order to moderate the price of the product. This policy is often used when there are concerns that consumers cannot afford an essential product, such as groceries. The effect of a maximum price could create a shortage as it could lead to demand exceeding supply for that particular good.
Together with the Community itself (the 'primary column '), the CFSP and JHA constitute the second and third of the 'three mainstays ' of the EU. The EU is said to stand like a sanctuary on three columns: the Community; the Common Foreign and Security Policy; and co-operation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs (recast in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam as Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters). These columns are of unequal quality. The Community (basically the supranational organizations and
Liberal Democracy is a democratic system of government in which individual rights and freedoms are officially recognized and protected, and the exercise of political power is limited by the rule of law. The word democracy is greek, the word “demos” means people and “kratos” means power. The idea of liberalism first began in the 1600’s with John Locke as he believed that the people should be allowed to remove the government currently ruling when they have misused their power for ulterior motives. Although the seed was planted in the 1600’s, liberal democracy only properly took form in the 1840’s in Canada. Australia and New Zealand followed not long after as they began to use the secret ballot system to elect political leaders.
The post-world war era created an atmosphere of caution regarding individual states in an international system dominated by realist rationale. Thus, based on functionalist principles it was believed that a United Europe was a more acceptable and viable alternative. It was believed that the international system would be more functional with organizations directed at collectively addressing functional needs rather than the realist orientation of each State for itself. This, however, did not materialize until the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1958 and arose out of the functionalist school of thought.
This is primarily a tool at the disposal of the central bank of a country which uses different tools to manage the macro economic variables of a country to keep the economy stable or to stabilize it in situations of fluctuations. Monetary policy can be expansionary or contractionary depending on whether the money supply is being increased or decreased in the system so as to affect economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies and