The Case Against Ethical Relativism

Ethical Relativism values, like mentioned earlier, are either an individual or cultural difference. In short, it means that other people and/or cultures should have the same ethical values as you do, or a "master set" of values per se. However, these values are not written in stone, therefore cannot be used in every single instance due to the fluctuation that each and every culture has. Some examples of beliefs that were listed in the textbook are beating of children, using animals for accessories, or helping those that are less fortunate, etc. (Chaffee pg. 435)

He was able to appeal to the morals of millions in the country, by forcing them to understand that black people are just as human as white, with emotions and personalities, who deserved justice. People are more than their labels, and we should not be defined by our race, gender, or social class, but how we treat others. This theory appealed to me personally, because I feel it is the most true, realistic, and practical theory that we can apply to our lives. People share different values and virtues, and we all have a different definition of what makes us happy, but we can all acknowledge everyone’s individuality and still treat them with respect. I have found myself in situations, especially in the workplace where people have treated me as a machine for their food rather than a person who is sensitive to insult.

Besides that, second perspective which is virtue ethics that Tim C. Mazur was discuss in this case study also maintains that lying is morally wrong but though less strictly than Immanuel Kant perspective about lying. Next perspectives that have in this case study are utilitarian ethics. Utilitarian claim that actions including lying are morally acceptable when the resulting consequences maximize benefit or minimize harm. So based on this case study, we will discuss about lying based on positive side and also negative side which is in ethical and unethical value. ETHICAL VALUE

The superego almost seems to be outside of the self, making moral judgments, telling us to make sacrifices for good causes even though self-sacrifice may not be quite logical or rational. And, in a sense, the superego is “outside”, since much of what it tells us to do or think we have learned from our parents, our schools, .or our religious institutions. What the ego and superego tell us not to do or think is repressed, forced into the unconscious mind.

Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development Level 1 - Pre-conventional morality (Ages 9 and below) At the pre-conventional level, moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules. People behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure. The pre-conventional level is common in elementary children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. We judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences.

We as children, are preached with several sets of principles and ethics that we are expected to follow. I suppose those were derived to create the ideal individual out of each one of us. But, we still have a huge diversity of unhealthy practices by individuals from amongst us. That includes everyone, even me. So, is it the fault in the methods of delivery of those moral values or, is it our escape into the adaptations of ignorance?

Analysis of virtue ethics reveals three types of virtue, intellectual, moral, and theological. He also believes that God confused virtue and Scone modernized virtue ethics and wanted an ethical system based on people. Desiring an ethical system, she that took into account community flourishing; right and wrong are subjective ethics. In Kantian and utilitarianism philosophies have lost sight of morality, and people’s feelings on actions based on a motive. York

Karina Salem SYSEM II Professor Aseel Moussa May 11th, 2017 Knowledge is the Key to Civilization Throughout Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud attempts to understand the effect of civilization and society on people, through examining its structure. He defines civilization as the sum of achievement that set humans apart from animals, in order to protect humans from natural causes and form mutual relations in a society. On the other hand, for Kant in his essay, An answer to the question: ‘What is enlightenment?, Knowledge was of a great matter since one’s ability to reason and obey the laws will achieve enlightenment. He defines enlightenment as the condition one reaches when he emerges from the immaturity he caused upon himself

As said by Lenta, corporal punishment does not provide an effective form of behavioral correction aside from gaining immediate compliance to command (2012). Some may say that there are children who only understands corporal punishment, but, Inasmuch as corporal punishment brings about some form of compliance, the hope of disciplining a child is to impart correct social values as well as ethics into the child not only within the time frame of the punishment being given, but even when one is not around to correct him or her. There are other forms of punishments that accomplishes this goal, Forness and Sinclair in their paper gives various alternatives that are more effective than corporal punishment bring about the same results (1984), for example the use of explanation and reasoning. When the consequences of an action are clearly explained to the child as well as given an alternate behavior that is acceptable, the child would understand the reason behind the punishment and would have available the correct way he or she is supposed to

In a static society, values are usually codified by religion or tradition. Wars, invasions, new culture or religion prompt the evaluation of traditional values. French and

This paper will attempt to summarize and explain the essay How to Argue about Disagreement: Evaluative Diversity and Moral Realism by John M. Doris and Alexandra Plakias. They claim that moral realism has a problem with its assertion that all disagreement is superficial, and would not persist under ideal conditions. They cite an experiment by Nisbett and Cohen in 1996 where there seems to be a fundamental disagreement between northern and southern white American men surrounding acceptable violence. Moral realism is the philosophical idea that morality is based in objective fact.