CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
A face recognition system is one of the popular Computer Application for automatic verification or identification of any person either from a given image or from any video source. Face recognition is mainly used for the security purpose and one can compare this with the other biometrics like fingerprint, iris recognition system. The main advantages of a face recognition system over the other biometrics application is that it not necessary need to ask the person to come in front of camera or in any sensor like in other it required the person should take his body in front of the sensor and stay there for few second. For the face recognition if a person is simply walking from any surveillance camera it can capture information of the person without his/her knowing about that and can identify or verify the person. In a face recognition
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Security: If anyone wants to give the access control to only specific person then he/she can apply the face recognition there. For example, wants to give access to airport, buildings, ATM machine.
2. Surveillance: Now day, lots of surveillance cameras are used for monitoring any known criminal if anyone passes through that camera he/she can easily identify.
3. General identity verification: Face recognition can be used for verifying the identity of any person. For example voter ID, driving license, employee ID etc.
4. Video indexing: The face recognition can also use in the area of video indexing such as identifying faces in video.
5. Criminal justice systems: The face recognition can be used in the field of Criminal justice System such as mug-shot/booking systems, post-event analysis, forensics etc.
1.8
Fig. 4. (a) Edge detected face (b) Edges in wrinkle area Feature 7= (sum of pixel values in forehead area / number of pixels in forehead area) + (sum of pixel values in left eyelid area / number of pixels in left eyelid area) + (sum of pixel values in right eyelid area / number of pixels in right eyelid area)
Figure 9.4 – Stream When the stream starts, OpenCV, which is running on the server, starts detecting and recognizing faces and displaying the results in a list that resides on the right sidebar. A green box appears, containing the information and the image of the recognized face. If the detected face is unrecognized, a red box appears, containing the face of the unknown individual. Figure 9.5 – Detecting & Recognizing Faces Right after an unrecognized face is caught, an email is sent as an alert for the security guards, containing the unrecognized face of the individual, alongside the date, the time and the IP Camera’s information.
Opponents may argue that body worn cameras should not be mandatory for police offi cers to wear while on duty. These individuals claimed that body cameras invade the privacy of citizens due to the fact that police offices are able to enter houses while the hammer is rolling. The public may see the body cameras as an invasion of privacy to them ignoring all the major benefits that come with the cameras that could be helpful to them in the long run. Citizens expect to have their actions recorded publicly by security cameras or by others but the do not expect to have the privacy of their home to be recorded and if a police officer that is wearing a body worn camera does a house search the civilians actions are going to be recorded.(Williams)
Criminal profiling has been and will important to both the court system and law enforcement. Profiling helps police by limiting the field of investigation by providing what kind of individual is most likely to commit a crime focusing on the type of behavior and characteristics. It consist of a collection of leads, and is described as an educated guest or attempt to provide certain information about a specific type of suspect (Geberth, 1981). It is also a way of providing behavioral patterns, trends and tendencies. Law enforcement has used behavioral forensic for many years for solving crimes by creating psychological profiles of criminals.
The criminal justice system does many things for our society. It provides us with a place to put criminals. It acts as a rehabilitation center for those criminals so that when they come out of jail or prison they can reintegrate into society. The criminal justice system provides us with a forum in which we can solve disputes legally which is the court system. It also acts as a deterrence for potential future offenders by putting someone in jail or prison.
Anthem’s Corrective Detention Vs. Modern Day Prisons and Jails When comparing modern day jails to Anthem’s corrective detention, it can be observed that today’s jails and prisons have strikingly more freedom than the Palace of Corrective Detention. Anthem, written by Ayn Rand, is based on a dystopian society, where the character Equality attempts to be an individual, which results him being thrown in jail. The Palace of Corrective Detention deviates from modern day prisons and jails because of the security, living conditions and the treatment of prisoners.
Offender profiling it’s used to analyze crime scenes such as how was it committed the behavior and predicting characteristic of the criminal. It is not as effective because some things are hard to predict such as physical characteristic, but the possible chance that criminals have certain personality characteristics such as mental illness, which most of them have different symptoms could help know some more about the offender. It is not always effective due to unsuccessful cases such as the criminal changing its motive or change geographical pattern. It is a big help to recognize and know more about the suspect. Some dangers in using offender profiling is that a wrong suspect might be captured instead of the one predicted.
Everyday we encounter new and familiar faces. We are able to distinguish our mother’s face from a stranger’s face due to the facial recognition processes that we have stored in our brains. Facial recognition is one of the many processes of object-recognition. Many of us are not aware of the brain’s role in facial recognition because it is a process that we are not consciously doing. Face recognition differs from object recognition in a few ways.
Fingerprinting is method based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern - that is, each person has a completely individual pattern of papillary lines. These patterns do not change throughout life and have the property of recovering from damage to the skin in its previous form. On the one hand, this method almost completely eliminates the mistake, and on the other hand it is very cheap and easy to use (in contrast the method of identification of a person by DNA). Fingerprinting allows: 1) to identify the person who left the prints, according to the general and particular features of the papillary pattern displayed on them; 2) to exclude individual from among those who have touched the object; 3) to narrow the group of individuals suspected of the particular crime (for instance, provided that the imprint shows traces of a scar, a burn, a wart or some other distinctive feature).
The authentication of Biometrics (i.e. the real authentication) which is used for identification and controlling the access which can be applied in the computer science. It is can be used in groups to identify the individuals under the surveillance. Biometric identifiers are used to labels the characteristics which can be measurable, the distinctive, and to describe the individuals. Biometric identifiers are being often categorized as behavioral versus physiological characteristics. Physiological are related to define the characteristics and the structure of the body.
A biometric safe uses one of many different techniques for determining that you are the safe owner. A common option is a safe that uses your fingerprints to determine your identity. Other options include voice recognition, face or iris recognition, or even your DNA. A safe that uses
INTRODUCTION Now a day’s a facial recognition system is a computer application and it is used for automatically identifying or verifying a person . This is done by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database. Face Recognition System focuses on contactless man and machine interface. The human face plays an important role in our interaction and people’s identity.
Surveillance cameras are a staple for ensuring the security of any building regardless of whether it is a home or a commercial establishment. They are available in different models, and when a homeowner intends to a security camera for his home, an outdoor device can be the ideal choice, particularly when he is planning a trip along with his family members for a week or so. As nobody will be available in the home during this period, an outdoor security camera can be installed to record the happening in the place, when there is nobody around. If you 're someone who fears for the safety of your family and you want to make sure that you do everything you can to deter criminals from breaking into your home, then the best way to do that is to install a CCTV surveillance system as soon as possible.
Face recognition technology [1] is the least intrusive and fastest biometric technology. It works with the most obvious individual identifier – the human face. Instead of requiring people to place their hand on a reader (a process not acceptable in some cultures as well as being a source of illness transfer) or precisely position their eye in front of a scanner, face recognition systems unobtrusively take pictures of people 's faces as they enter a defined area. There is no intrusion or delay, and in most cases the subjects are entirely unaware of the process. They do not feel "under surveillance" or that their privacy has been invaded.
It is very important to follow the trends of the consumers and give them tastes that all groups of consumers would want to buy. The biometric seemed a little more aimed just towards drawing in new customers and not about all the customers because the loyal customers already know and appreciate the