Sibling Rivalry Literature Review

There are a number of variables that could affect sibling rivalry including gender, birth order, age difference, parental or environmental factors. Circumstances within which rival can occur are the home, school, job, and social settings. The way in which an individual conducts their rivalry depends on immediate, or proximate environmental, social and situational factors. To being with, there are general differences in siblings that can cause rivalry to being in early ages. Julia Badger and Peter Reddy, authors of The Effects of Birth Order on Personality Traits and Feelings of Academic Rivalry, explained that there are clear differences among the firstborn and laterborn children. Firstborns “being generally bigger- tend to use more physical

According to Badger and Reddy, “Overt adult-initiated rivalry includes statements of comparison between two siblings. Covert comparisons would include subtle statements without direct comparison. Sibling-generated rivalry attempts to gain parental attention and increase status within the sibling relationship” (Badger & Reddy, 2009, p. 46). When looking at only and firstborn’s, authors Candice Feiring and Michael Lewis explained in Children, Parents, and Siblings: Possible Sources of Variation in the Behavior of Firstborn and Only Children, there is greater academic achievement among only and firstborns as compared to laterborns (Feiring & Lewis, 1980, p. 4). As we might see it, academic rivalry is the urge to do better in school and to achieve higher grades and more recognition than other siblings. However, it goes far beyond this scope as it entails achievement, status, and respect. According to Badger and Reddy, ”Between the ages of 20-25, an individual at college or university has many academic pressures as they strive for achievement and

There are five main factors that can influence an adolescent’s illegal drug use and the existence of even one of these factors can result in the increase or decrease use of drugs in adolescents. Judith S. Brook, David W. Brook, Mario De La Rosa, Martin Whiteman, Erica Johnson, and Ivan Montoya explain in Adolescent Illegal Drug Sse: The Impact of Personality, Family, and Environmental Factors, there are five domains of risk factors that young adults can face. These factors are: “(1) family illegal drug use, such as mothers’ and fathers’ illegal use and other family members’ problem of illegal drug use (aunts, uncles, grandparents, siblings, and other family members); (2) material personality/attitudinal/behavioral attributes, such as psychopathology and impulsivity; (3) parental child-rearing practices, including measures of parental discipline, satisfaction, the child’s resistance to parental control, and also low identification with parents; (4) adolescent personality attributes, such as psychopathology, delinquency, and rebelliousness; and (5) environmental factors including machismo, familism, adolescent, and mother church attendance, citimiation, violence toward the subject, and drug availability” (Brook et al., 2001, p. 189). With the parent-child relationship, there