Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. What we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. For example, all employees in a firm may view it as a great place to work w.r.t favorable working conditions, interesting job assignments, good pay, excellent benefits, understanding and responsible management, but, as most of us know, it’s very unusual to find such agreement. People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
Rory Sutherland's discusses the concept of perception as applying psychological principles to economic and technological problems. The statement “The power of re-framing things cannot be overstated” contains lot of meaning in itself. He clarifies
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If we go to buy baby diapers and we see that brand A has only two left and brand B has many left. The first response from the buyer is to quickly grab Brand A, thinking it is better than brand B and is lesser in supply that day. Reality could be that the store worker may have just replenished brand B and brand A`s replenishment may be on its way. So it’s all human phycology and how people perceive things in first place. We can conclude that the factors that influence perception are, factors in the perceiver (attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations), factors in the situations (time, work setting, social setting), and factors in the target(motion, novelty, sounds, size, background, proximity, similarity).
In all the examples mentioned above, the above factors plays a major part in deciding how it is perceived. Perception in any case leaky, if you do something that is perceptually bad in one respect you can damage the other. It can be occluded that, if the perception is much worse than reality, then nothing can change the
Throughout the book, there are many examples that show the importance of perception. One of the main examples is when Reuven says “everything looks different” after leaving the hospital. He means that his perception changed after finding a new appreciation for his health and eyesight. Another example of perception change is when Reuven realizes Danny isn't how he appeared to be. Reuven told Mr. Malter that it seemed like Danny hit him deliberately.
This eventually leads her to challenge her self concepts to extreme levels, causing her to either liberate herself from the façade she created or sink into the role. Easy A describes many genuine psychological phenomena and I am going to focus on three of them; Cognitive dissonance theory, how societal and cultural norms dictate our attitudes and thoughts, and different ways of persuasion. The cognitive dissonance theory is the feeling of unease that is felt when we act in opposition to our attitudes, which causes a shift of attitude in order to be consistent with our behavior. Easy A depicts strongly the theory of cognitive dissonance on numerous occasions.
“The science of attention teaches us that we tend to pay attention to what we have been taught to value and that we tend to be astonishingly blind to change until something disrupts our pattern and makes us see what has been invisible before.” Page 243 Common sense to dictate that people will acknowledge problems before it occurs. You would think that people will be able to understand the outcome before it happens but that is not true. In part four of Cathy Davidson’s, “Now You See it”, she emphasize the importance of working with other people to help us to see what we are missing. In discussion of attention blindness, it is very difficult for a person alone to develop ingenious idea of solution to a problem because that person may only see the scope of a bigger picture.
Consequently, everything we see and choose or judge is completely up to our perception. These shared themes all go to prove that when something is both morally and ethically wrong, it will most likely
In everyday actions and decisions, human nature dictates that ignorance is very common. Barbara Tuchman’s theory of “wooden-headedness”, can be applied to real life on many different levels. Wooden headedness consists of assessing a situation in terms of preconceived fixed notions while ignoring or rejecting any contrary signs. This is when a person acts according to a wish while not allowing oneself to be deflected by the facts. Ignorance plays a substantial role in human affairs, although some may think it is just how kids are raised by their parents.
“What behind your eyes holds more power than what in front of them,” Gary Zukav a four time consecutive New York Times Best Seller once said. In other words, each situation has multiple different views because as humans we choose what we want to see. The continuous or subconscious decision to see or not see something is directly influenced by one 's sense and surrounds affects what someone understands. This comprehension of what happening is commonly known as perception. Since perception can either impede or enhance a situation either way it is better to look at the positive side of things.
Our perceptions of the world is largely dictated by the most important thing surrounding our environment. For example, experienced advertisers realise that choosing when and where to air a television advert is an extremely important choice because of priming effects. When viewers watch the last scene before an advert break, that last scene can activate a certain schema, which can then influence how people perceive the next advert. Consider the television show, Grey’s Anatomy. Nearly every scene before an advert break in Grey’s Anatomy ends on a depressing cliffhanger.
The way a person sees it can influence them to remember it in a certain
In that example written, people can get trusted easily sometimes. Another reason, is it can turn statements into excuses that can manipulate others. One example from Ericsson’s is that someone has inaccurate perceptions about someone. In
People are constantly observing behavior and forming theories about your competence, character, and commitment, which are rapidly disseminated throughout the workplace. It is only wise to add my voice in outlining others ' theories about who I am and what I can accomplish. I have used impression management to enhance my own professional image the accuracy of my self-awareness could drive successful decision-making when it comes to my personal and professional life. By becoming more self-aware and maintaining a level of self-awareness, even when everything around us is changing.
Although one’s behavior can be the same as others, especially if they are in the same setting, however those who are in two completely different contexts will experience different reactions, just dependent on exactly where they are. Furthermore, this theory demonstrates that once we have been in a specific setting long enough, then that’s when our behaviors will become consistent over time. On the other hand, individuals might experience particular actions because they arrive at a specific setting, with an already preconceived idea of what to expect causing them to alter their behaviors based on their thoughts about the background. Another reason might be that we adjust our responses because we are unsure of how others might view or accept us being in their environments. Either way, individuals might not be aware of it, but once our surroundings change, then our behaviors is changed as
That is because these brands are likely to receive greater ‘interest and attention. Thus, repeated exposure to the brand name, enhances ethos by creating familiarity, which in turn persuades us into buying the product out of common preference. As mentioned previously, contrast is used to draw the attention of the viewer towards the imagery of the
Choice theory also recognizes that there are multiple influences
Our visual bias which is used to viewing faces as convex is so strong it hinders us from seeing what is really in front of us, the direct perceptional reality of the hollow mask, thus the perception of the concave mask of the face appear to be a normal convex face. Further research has been carried out on this concept that Gregory put forward, of familiarity affecting perception. Familiar brand logos are found faster than unfamiliar (Qin et al. 2014) and meaningful letter strings appear visually clearer and sharper than unfamiliar/meaningless ones, and it easier to detect subtle changes in blurryness in familiar words than in unfamiliar ones (Lupyan, 2017). These reports imply that familiar concepts such as brand logos or even as general as random words are percieved with greater accuracy, suggesting past experience mediates perception.
1.4.1 Literature Review HRM practices are a process of engaging, motivating, and maintaining employees to ensure the organizational survival (Schuler and Jackson, 1987). According to (Delery and Doty, 1996) HRM practices are prepared and implemented in a way that human capital plays important role in achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The appropriate use of HRM practices strongly influence the standard of employer and the degree of employee commitment (Purcell, 2003). HRM practices like, training and development, performance appraisal allow the employees to do better in order to enhance the organizational performance (Snell and Dean, 1992; Pfeffer, 1998).