Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), known as bad cholesterol, are carrier vesicles that transport cholesterol in the bloodstream. Receptor-mediated endocytosis refers to system in which these LDL bind to receptors, which engulf the ligand into the cell (Alberts, et al., 2010). A protein-coding gene called proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) helps regulate the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) located on the plasma membrane of a cell (Duan, et al., 2012). This, in turn, balances the amount of LDL that are released from the bloodstream via receptor-mediated endocytosis to maintain cholesterol homeostasis (Tavori, et al., 2013). Cholesterol homeostasis relies strictly on the correlated function of two proteins; LDLR and PCSK9, which can cause familial hypercholesterolemia due to function abnormalities.
LDLR play a significant role in cholesterol homeostasis, in which it allows the shuttling of LDL from the bloodstream to nearby cells to control cholesterol levels in the human body (Mousavi, et al., 2009). When there is a dysfunctional mutation in this receptor, its function for clearing out the LDL will
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This protein binds to the LDLR, which undergoes the exact same receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. This leads to PCSK9 and LDLR being degraded in the lysosome of the cell (Tavori, et al., 2013). In this process, PCSK9 is actually decreasing the number of opportunities for LDL to leave the bloodstream due to the decreased number of LDLR available that it can bind to. There can be a gain-of-function mutation on the PCSK9, which is a very rare form of hypercholesterolemia (Tavori, et al, 2013). This mutation causes an increased regulation rate of PCSK9, which means there is more availability for PCSK9 to bind to LDLR and less availability for LDL to bind to LDLR, thus increasing cholesterol concentration in the
Cholestoff What is Cholestoff? Cholestoff is a non prescriptive, dietary supplement used for lowering the levels of blood cholesterol. The supplement is also widely prescribed as a supplement for improving the overall cardiovascular health and wellbeing. Cholestoff is a product of the California based pharmaceutical entity, Nature Made or Pharmavite, LLC, a leading manufacturer of dietary supplements, multivitamins and herbal supplements.
Nrf2-ARE is the pathway that is limited by divalproex. This is an important pathway needed to protect the liver and prevent damage. Nrf2-ARE pathway prevents oxidative damage. Nrf2 translocate into the nucleus when the liver is in oxidative stress in order to active and transcribe different genes that produce phase II detoxifying enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes will bind to ARE and become activated to protect hepatic cells from oxidative damage.
The main medicine for reducing bad cholesterol is statins, but some patients cannot tolerate it or do not get enough help from the drug. The study involved both Praulent and a similar medication, Repatha, manufactured by Amgen. But Repatha works in a different way and lowers cholesterol much more. The study on Praulent took a longer time and involved patients at a higher risk of heart events.
In Chromosome 11 titled Personality, I found it fascinating to learn that our cholesterol plays a role in our disposition. Cholesterol plays a big role because there was found to be a correlation between it and serotonin. During an experiment where mice were fed low cholesterol diets, they became more aggressive and bad tempered. The cause seemed to be a drop in serotonin levels. (pg.170) Dopamine and Serotonin are both
Homeostasis is the body's method of keeping internal stability no matter what external influence disturbs its normal functioning (Anna, 2011). And the respiratory system is one of the systems in the body that helps to maintain homeostasis by maintaining pH and regulating gas exchange. The main function of this system is take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. This system has external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is a mechanical process that exchange of gases in and out of the body, while internal respiration is the chemical process that breaking down nutrients with oxygen to produce energy.
You reduce that risk by as much as 50% if your ratio is 3 or lower. The lowdown on cholesterol: not all cholesterol is bad. You have the good one (HDL-1 and HDL-2), the not so bad one (VLDL) and the harmful one (LDL). To get your ratios, divide the total amount of your cholesterol by your amount of HDL.
In addition, olive oil is a good food additive which is well-known to lower LDL "bad" cholesterol while increasing the amounts of HDL "good" cholesterol. It is equally considered an excellent source of carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds which have powerful antioxidant properties to effectively fight against
When you have fewer fats, your body is saved from various harmful diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease and cholesterol. This helps to increase your quality of life and also gives you longevity. This might seem difficult
Linoleic acid can also be converted into 9 or 13 hydroxylated linoleic acids, 9-HODE and 13-HODE. The ratio of 13:9 HODE is a potential biomarker for immune status during influenza infection. The ratio of 13:9 HODE increased during the resolution phase of infection and was significantly elevated in the low pathogenicity infection, indicating a bias toward an anti-inflammatory, proresolution state (Tam et al., 2013). Different lipid mediators into potentially positive and negative biomarkers for different diseases.
In a recent article written by Kris Gunnars, he brings to the reader’s attention that according to studies “It is true that meat tends to be high in saturated fat and cholesterol, but this is not a cause for concern because they do not have adverse effects on blood cholesterol or increase the risk of heart disease” (Gunnars). What many people did not know is cholesterol is actually a dynamic molecule in the human body. It is found in every cell membrane and used to make hormones. The liver produces large amounts of it to make sure we always have enough. When we get a lot of cholesterol from the diet, the liver just produces less of it instead, so the total amount does not change much.
Temple2 · Carlo La Vecchia1 · Giorgio Castellan3 · Alessandra Tavani4 · Valentina Guercio1 Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Munoz MA, Sorli JV, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Investigators PS (2013) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 368(14):1279–1290. Camargo, A., Delgado-Lista, J., Garcia-Rios, A., Cruz-Teno, C., Yubero-Serrano, E., Perez-Martinez, P., . . . Lopez-Miranda, J. (2012). Expression of proinflammatory, proatherogenic genes is reduced by the Mediterranean diet in elderly people.
INTRODUCTION: Lipase also called as triacylglycerol acylhydrolaseis an enzyme known for its enormous applications for industry and diagnostics. Their basic activity is to convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These enzymes are water soluble in nature. They also convert polar solvents into more lipolytic substances.
The mechanisms responsible for this apparently protective role may include gene-nutrient interactions and modulation of proteins’ expression
Lipid A Lipid A is a component of a poison responsible for the “anchoring” of the toxin to the outer membrane of immune system cells. The poison reacts with the body's immune system, causing septic shock. It is found in endotoxins of toxic, gram-negative bacteria. We chose this lipid due to it’s toxicity and unique, simplistic name. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
• Lipid Metabolism: • Cholesterol synthesis. • Production of