Fatty Acid Composition Analysis

Fatty acid composition

The fatty acid compositions of CCSO and PMSO are given in Table 2. The fatty acid profile of CCSO reveals that the major acid is linoleic acid (C18:29,12; 65.25%) followed by oleic (C18:19; 16.37%), palmitic (C16:0; 9.72%) and stearic acids (C18:0; 7.26%). The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in CCSO are 17.43% and 82.56%, respectively. The main fatty acid in PMSO is -eleosteraric (C18:39c,11t,13t). Other fatty acids present in significant concentration comprised linoleic acid (C18:29,12; 23.85%) and oleic acid (C18:19; 33.32%).

Physicochemical properties of seed oils

A comparison of the physicochemical properties of CCSO and PMSO are given in Table 3. The high acid value of CCSO (3.7 mg KOH/g)

Base catalysts such as alkali hydroxide are widely used in alcoholysis reactions [15]. According to Uzoh et al. [16], the alcoholysis reaction is normally finished after 1h or 2h after the batch reaches operating temperature. In the first step of this work, we used several catalysts for the alcoholysis reaction, and the solubility tests of the mixture in anhydrous methanol are grouped in Table 4. It was observed (Table 4) that most of the samples of the alcoholysis mixture are only partially soluble in anhydrous methanol even after 2 h of reactions carried out using CaO and CaCO3. From Table 4, NaOH (0.4 wt%) is selected as a suitable catalyst. It can be explained by the relatively high amount of free fatty acid present in CCSO. Lin [2] reported that if an oil has a high acid value, the reaction can be severely retarded. The reaction required a long time or an additional amount of catalyst and both are undesirable for

4. Peaks at 0.8–0.9 ppm are due to the protons of the terminal methyl group. Peaks of all protons of the internal CH2 groups present in the fatty acid chain appear at  = 1.2–1.4 ppm. Characteristic peaks at  = 1.9-2.1 ppm are for allylic protons of CH2, at  = 2.2–2.4 ppm for -protons of the ester groups and at  = 2.7-2.8 ppm for the CH2 of double allylic protons. Peaks at  = 4.1–4.4 ppm are for the protons of the triglyceride moiety and  = 5.2–5.5 ppm are for the protons of the CH=CH moiety [17]. Furthermore, the 1H NMR spectrum of PMSO contains peaks in the 5.9-6.4 ppm region corresponding to the protons of the conjugated trienes of -eleosteraric acid. 1H NMR spectra of the resins are shown in Fig. 5. The 1H NMR spectra confirmed the synthesis of the alkyd resins. The characteristic peaks at  = 7.2-7.3 ppm are for the proton for –CH- of the glycerol moiety [18]. It was observed due to the deshielding effect of the anhydride group acquiring the aromatic ring, which are absent in the 1H NMR spectra of oils. The peaks at  = 7.4-7.8 ppm are observed for the aromatic protons of phthalic anhydride-containing