Classification OP compounds and are classified into 3 groups. 1. Highly toxic compounds These are commonly used as agricultural insecticides. Fenthion, which this patient ingested, belongs to this group. 2. Intermediately toxic compounds: Eg. coumaphos- Used as animal insecticides 3. Low toxicity: e.g. malathion Used for household application and as field sprays. Mode of intoxication Intoxication by OP poisoning occurs via several routes. 1. Absorption via gastro intestinal system and respiratory tract. via skin - handlers and sprayers. 2. Inhalation during spraying under improper conditions. accidental – During storage. during chemical warfare. 2 3 The commonest method of intoxication seen in hospital practice is absorption via …show more content…
Oxidation 2. Hydrolysis by esterases 3. Transfer of metabolites to glutathione Elimination of metabolites occurs mainly in the urine and feces. Eighty to 90% of most compounds are eliminated within 48 hours. 2 A small proportion of OP compounds and their active forms are eliminated unchanged in urine. Fenthion (compound ingested by this patient) persist in the body tissues for longer periods (several weeks) giving rise to persistent or prolonged symptoms and signs. Mechanism of action Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at all postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings and at the synapses of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. It is also released at the skeletal muscle myoneural junction, and serves as a neuro transmitter in the CNS. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) is responsible for degradation of acetylcholine at these sites. Inhibition of AchE results in prolonged post synaptic cholinergic transmission time and protracted cholinergic over stimulation. OP compounds react competitively with AchE for binding to Ach receptors and firmly or irreversibly phosphorylated. Unlike Ach the stable phosphorous - enzyme bond requires a period of 60 minutes to several weeks for
If this does occur remove any contaminated clothing and rinse the skin and clothing thoroughly. • Do not inhale chemicals as they can be poisonous. If this does occur take the person away from the substance and take them to a hospital immediately. Method To test my hypothesis, I will add varying amounts of Strontium Nitrate (1-8cm³, adding an extra 1cm³ each time) to 8cm³ of Sodium Nitrate in order to form a white precipitate.
The blood sample was sent to National Medical Service Labs in Willow Grove Pennsylvania for blood analysis. NMS Labs generated a toxicology report indicating the positive findings and levels of the following: 11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 4.3ng/mL, Delta-9 Carboxy THC 54ng/mL, and Delta-9 THC
Toxicology Article Cases Cousins Herman and Paul Petrillo were career criminals from Philadelphia who decided to form a matrimonial agency during the 1930s. The purpose of their agency would be to help widowed women remarry and get life insurance policies for their new husbands. However, since the agency functioned as a conduit for collecting money from these policies, the Petrillo cousins and their gang had a vested interest in making sure their clients’ husbands came to tragic ends, often with the wives as willing accomplices. Paul considered himself to be a practitioner of witchcraft and intended to use black magic to cause the husbands’ deaths. When that didn’t work, they decided to use arsenic instead.
it is highly likely that the ingestion of relatively large amounts of this antimetablolite was a contributing factor to his death."
Since opioids are also known to affect seizure activity as well, opioids are looked in how they can be modulated in order to decrease seizure activity. Within the dentate gyrus (DG), there are two opioid peptides, enkephalins and dynorphins, which both have effects on excitability, but with contrasting effects (11). The difference between these two peptides is that enkephalins bind to delta- and mu- opioid receptors (DORs and MORs) whereas dynorphins bind to kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). However, unlike galanin receptors, opioid receptors can be activated by exogenous opiate drugs, which means that overdose can be possible because it is not reliant on an endogenous ligand. For example, the MOR agonist morphine can bind which means that a ligand can be introduced and not well regulated by the body, leading to overdose (11).
6- Monoacetylmorphine is further deacetylated, presumably in liver and other tissues, to
highlighted that in United States, the dose dumping in general and alcohol induced dose dumping in particular is considered as a serious concern for orally administered prolonged release dosage forms (3). Subjuct to the therapeutic
Chemical Warfare or poison, was one of the most creative advancements that no one expected to be created. Poison gas attacks consisted of “...highly explosive shells that could smash and kill… some shells were filled with deadly phosgene compound...” (Cavendish, 407). This was a lethal strategy that was first use by the Germans when fighting against the British. When a shell of poison was dropped into trenches, many soldiers did not notice until, they were already suffering the conditions and by the time they took action“the chemicals [were already] carried by the wind into nearby enemy lines” (McLean ).
These chemicals can explode. When I gave my three-year-old son some cheese to eat, I did not know that I was giving him poisoned food. I was too stoned on meth to notice, until twelve hours later, that my son was deathly ill. But then I was so stoned it took me two hours to figure out how to get him to the hospital five miles away. By the time I got to the emergency room my boy was pronounced dead of a lethal dose of ammonia hydroxide—one of the chemicals used to make meth.”
Once this drug is abruptly stopped, the brain slows dopamine production resulting in undesirable side effects while the chemical slowly regulates
( this is an analysis that is done by a Toxicologist).
Throughout history the Legal System has faced many cases dealing with poisonings. In 2003 the case of Cynthia Sommer and her husband Sgt. Todd Sommer of the United States Marine Corps finds a contradicting case of poisoning. You will see the main problem is that the study of the body shows there must of been a poisoning ,but in the trial itself there is no evidence of the poisoning. doctors initially said that Sgt.
24 hours of observation is requred for patients overdosed with long-acting sedative hypnotics such as clonazepam. Albeit the effectiveness of delayed orogastric lavage is not confirmed, this approach is often considered in overdoses with sedatives that slow the motility of the gastrointestinal tract or those that develop concretions (namely meprobamate and phenobarbital). The use of orogastric lavage in overdose cases should always be done with
An act of attacking with a Chemicl agent is typically from an aerosal type or disseminating the agent into other avenues of contact. However, for this particular scenario, a Chemical-Biological Agent will be used in the rare form of being part of an explosive. The particular chemical agent in reference will be petroleum-contaminated water.
Pesticides likewise are utilized to execute life forms that can result in infections. Most pesticides contain chemicals that can be destructive to