Fetishism And Paraphilia

Queer Theory has been exponentially developed in the last two decades. Notions of gender and sexuality are constantly being re-signified by a tendency to understand fragmented identities in terms of sex and gender distinctions. The debate has been centered on the idea of queerness as a question of being vs. doing. It became widely-accepted during the last century when homosexuality was accepted as something you were born with. However, with the recent development of Queer Theory, the body and the complex relationship between sex and gender began to progressively receive special attention. In this context, the notion of sexuality and gender has been destabilized against the notion of self and what is considered to be natural. Psychologists like

One common recreational activity that is programmed to promote “happiness”, and is encouraged at a very young age, is sexual promiscuity. When humans in the “New World Society” are children, they are kept in a different type of school than children are today. A school where they are conditioned to act like their social class, learn their job, and to be raised; since there are no such things as families. Children would “discover each other” at “recess” through erotic foreplay. “‘The nurse shrugged her shoulders. ‘Nothing much,’ she answered. ‘ It’s just about this little boy seems rather reluctant to join in the ordinary erotic play.’” (Huxley 31-32) It is unusual in the “New World Society” for there to be people who are different. Like this little boy who is “reluctant’ to join in the “ordinary erotic play”. This little boy. At an age where there is still recess, putting this boy in the age range of three to twelve, children are conditioned to be comfortable with “erotic play”, and do so with almost anyone. Not only are the people of the “Brave New World” conditioned to find pleasure and happiness in sex at a young age when they are bored,

According to the ideas of Goldman in regards to the perversion, it is a kind of human conduct that digresses from that which is comprehended to be universal or ordinary. In spite of the fact that the term perversion can allude to an assortment of types of deviation, it is regularly used to portray sexual practices that are considered especially anomalous (Russo, n.d). Perversion varies from degenerate conduct, in that the last covers ranges of conduct for which perversion would be excessively solid a term. It is regularly viewed as censorious, and, in mental writing, the term paraphilia has been utilized as a substitution, however this term is dubious, and deviation are at times utilized as a part of its place (Goldman, 1977). So according to Goldman, sexual perversions are conditions in which sexual fervor or climax is connected with acts or imagery that is considered bizarre inside the way of

Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away. The most effective method to utilize for changing a behavior in the future is positive reinforcement.

Psychological conditioning is one of the most controlling studies of science. It is the theory that most learning revolves around programmed reactions to certain stimuli. An incentive for a certain action, for example, will encourage continuation of that same action even when the incentive is eventually gone. Being able to perfect this science would prove that the human mind can be solved and manipulated. One of the most popular pieces in literature giving a position on psychological conditioning is Aldous Huxley’s satirical fiction novel, Brave New World. The author takes a strong position, imagining a world with a society completely subjected to psychological conditioning, with people having their life and jobs predetermined to make for a more stable society. Numerous

In contrast with Classical Conditioning, Skinner introduced Operant Conditioning to conduct research on shaping one’s own behaviors through two kinds of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is the consequences that increase the chance that the behavior will occur again in the future. Two kinds of reinforcements he identified were positive reinforcement (stimulus that favors the outcome, such as praise) and negative reinforcement (the removal of unpleasant stimulus to increase recurring behavior). Punishment also plays an important role with Operant Conditioning. Punishment is the consequences that decrease the chance that the behavior will occur again. Positive Punishment is presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response

Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.

The 1971 film, A Clockwork Orange, consists of many psychological concepts. Two concepts in particular seem to have the biggest impact and role throughout this film. These concepts being, classical conditioning and the idea that our environment and our experiences of nurture are what shapes us.

Operant conditioning is accredited to a psychologist named B.F. Skinner. He is well known for his operant box experiment, also known as the Skinner Box. The Skinner Box is this experiment was used to train rats to tap a lever to collect some type of recompense, like a sugar pellet. Skinner discovered with his rat experiment, that animals could be trained to

In chapter 7, I found the concept of punishment to be most intriguing. Punishment is a part of operant conditioning which was theorized by B.F. Skinner. Punishment is often confused with negative reinforcement. However, the main difference between the two is: while the goal of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a behavior, the primary goal of punishment is to reduce the chances of the behavior it follows. In 1938, Skinner concluded that punishment produces only temporary suppression of behavior but later research found that effects may be permanent. In 1966, Azrin and Holz found that there are factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment. Some of the factors include: manner of introduction, immediacy, schedule of punishment,

The 1960s: a time period that highlighted some of the most influential civil rights movements, but have we really improved since then? Since the beginning of time women have been treated unfairly; they are more prone to being sexually assaulted/raped, have ridiculous beauty standards to live up to, and overall are treated like objects of submission and erotic pleasure. Like men, women deserve the ability to choose the lives they want to live and be who they want to be without fear and judgement. The novel, God Don’t Like Ugly by Mary Monroe, analyzes the objectification of women and provides insight to issues in the 60s that are still prevalent today.

I used to love eating seafood when I was around the age years of three through six, especially crabs. However, as I grew up, I began to hate it because I started to recognize the repulsive smell of seafood (including crabs). The smell of seafood is just so disgusting that it makes me want to vomit. Nonetheless, how does this correlate to classical conditioning and what is classical conditioning? According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space.

Behavior therapy was studied by Ivan Pavlov and his famous dog study in which dogs were conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell. It was later continued to be studied by John Watson who has the famous “Little Albert” study in which an 11-month old infant was conditioned to be scared of fuzzy white things because a rat was paired with a loud noise. The conclusion of the two conditioning experiences was that, behaviors followed by satisfying experiences tend to increase in frequency and behaviors followed by aversive experiences tend to decrease in frequency” (Thoma, 2015). Watson’s assistant Mary Jones, used this principle to clinical applications reasoning that, “if conditioning could be used to induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well” (Thoma, 2015). Thus, behavior therapy was developed and began being used for

Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”. An example of a respondent behavior includes going to the doctors and having them use the little hammer on your knee to test your reflexes. The knee jerk that happens automatically and was elicited by the little hammer is the respondent behavior. The little hammer is known as the “Unconditioned stimulus” and the knee jerk reaction is the

Basically, operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment as the way of changes in behaviour or pattern permanently. Operant describes as voluntary response of living organism. The individual response is affected by the later consequences. In short, it is just an easy process of learning that tends to response more when the outcome is manipulated. Operant conditioning was found by Polish neurophysiologist Jerzy Konorsky. Then, it was B.F. Skinner who made the concept became popular and well-known throughout the world and even pinned the name of operant conditioning to this concept That is why, he is called the Father of Operant Conditioning and his famous experiment, the Skinner Box. Operant conditioning determinants’ are reinforce, nature response and time interval between response and reinforcement.