Flame Test Lab Report

The atoms are slowed down my photons using the conservation of momentum. The photons are at lower energies than needed by the atoms for energy transitions. When the photon and atom are moving towards each other the energy of the photon looks more like the one needed for transitioning because of the doppler effect. The slowing down happens after many absorb and release actions by the atom, thereby losing momentum. Introduction of a varying magnetic field will shift the energy levels of the atom making it more probable for them to absorb the photons.

distillate graph, the temperature is at an obvious discrepancy from the known values that were presented. This could be due to the placement of the thermometer. Placing the thermometer too far or not far enough within the apparatus, or even a leak on the clamps could easily cause at least a 10 ˚C discrepancy. With this in mind, the temperature can provide a helpful insight, but the functional groups on the IR spectra can be a better indicator of the identity of the solution. For distillate 1, the first major peak on the IR spectra arrives at 3500 cm-1 (an O-H stretch), and the second peak is at 1715 cm-1 (a C=O stretch) indicating a ketone functional group.

Some lasers are so powerful that can hazardous the eye. The coherence and low divergence angle of laser light, aided by focusing from the lens, can cause laser radiation to be concentrated into an extremely small spot on the retina. Powerful lasers in the visible to near infrared range (400 to 1400 nm) will penetrate the eyeball and may cause heating of the retina; whereas exposure to the radiation with wavelengths is less than 400nm and greater than 1400nm are largely absorbed by the cornea and lens. Infrared lasers are particularly hazardous, since the body 's protective glare aversion response, also referred to as the "blink reflex," is triggered only by visible light. 5.2.

TLC was used to identify the actual unknown product as well as other products/reactants present in the filtered solution. The procedure was conducted by placing a TLC plate in a developing chamber that is filled with a small amount of solvent. The solvent cannot be too polar because it will cause spotted compounds on the TLC plate to rise up too fast, while a very non-polar solvent will not allow the spots to move. The polarity of the spots also determines how far it moves on the plate; non-polar spots are higher than polar ones. After spots on the TLC form, the Rf values are calculated and used to analyze the similarity of the compounds.

Pyrene is a good luminescent probe as it can undergo fluorescence that has a long lifetime, 1/2  100 ns, and its fluorescence is highly dependent on the polarity of the solution it is in. Pyrene’s emission spectrum can provide information about the microenvironment it is in. The molecule is a rather large elongated pi-conjugated system, making it nucleophilic and impossible for it to have any affinity to a charged surface such as silica. Figure 1: Emission spectrum of small pyrene concentration in acetonitrile From the emission spectrum of pyrene in a specific solvent, there is a fixed ratio between the first and third intensity peaks. These ratios can be compared to ratios formed by other pyrene derivatives, as well as Dimroth’s ET

The inorganic fire retardant acts simultaneously on the surface of the solid phase by cooling the substrate via endothermic breakdown process and reducing the formation of pyrolysis products [13]. A Mixture of borax and boric acid, primarily used as a preservative in wood was found to have efficacy in retarding flame spread on wood surface. Because of their benefits including, preservative effectiveness, neutral pH, and less impact on mechanical properties compared to other flame retardant chemicals like phosphorous, boron compounds are often considered a good flame retardant [25]. In addition to the char forming catalytic effect, they have low melting point and form glassy films when exposed to high temperatures in fire. The formation of this glassy film barrier inhibits the flow of combustible volatiles to the fire exposed surface.

It's mainly because each substance has a different stability. The stability is based on the unbalance between the protons and neutrons. Protons that are positively charged and the electrons that are no surprise negatively charged. The number of protons and electrons the atom has, and the number of electrons it has gained or lost, results in different levels of stability. A substance which is less stable, will have a shorter half-life than a substance which is more stable.

When heat interacts with the atoms, the heat increases the vibration of the atoms, the atoms in a solid have very little energy, the atoms in a liquid have some energy and the atoms in a gas have a lot of energy. 4. Errors could occur in the graph if we don’t read the thermometer right and don 't write it down right, also you could graph it wrong and put something in the wrong place. You could also not be paying attention and miss 2 minutes or something and then the results wouldn 't be fair. Other errors that could happen could be knocking over the beaker, not using a protection mat or putting the wrong amount of water in the beaker before placing it in the

However, it cannot be used for reliable identification of specific substances. The mass spectroscopy instrument provides specific results but produces uncertain qualitative results. When an analyst uses the gas chromatography instrument to separate compounds before analysis with a mass spectroscopy instrument, a complementary relationship exists. The technician has access to both the retention times and mass spectral data. Many scientists consider GC/MS analysis as a tool for conclusive proof of identity.

The term photochromic originates from the Greek words “phos” (light) and “chroma” (color) and is used to describe a substance that changes color on exposure to light. More formally, photochromism is a reversible transformation of a chemical species, induced by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, involving two forms, A (inactive) and B (active), each having different absorption spectra. Generally, form A is colorless while form B is a colored solution. Most dyes, inevitably return to the more stable form, the colorless state. Each dye is unique and varies greatly depending on the matrix in which it is dissolved in.