The Enigma of Flat Copper Slag Remains from Central Himalaya: Evidence of late Bronze Age Site? Amita Gupta HNB Garhwal University, Visiting Scholar, University of Fribourg Vinod Nautiyal HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand Abstract Early metallurgy of central Himalayan is became mystery for archaeologist. A mound of Copper slag has been reported by the author during her research field work. Due to their macroscopic properties, the slags are divided into five slag types: Coarse (type A), Flat -Slag (type B) and Massive (type C), Coarse Massive (type D), Fluid (type D). Flat slag is first time reported from archaeological site Pokhri in Garhwal central Himalaya India. All other archaeological Site flat slag has been dated for Bronze …show more content…
Pine and birch are used for making charcoal. Their properties are differing with each other. After experimenting process many scholars suggest that birch tree is good for forging. There is no evidence of which tree was used for making coal but probably it was understood always, for classical antiquity this understanding is recorded. Pliny wrote that the best charcoal for ore smelting made of oak. Atkinson also mentions in his gazetteer that the charcoal used by the refiner is made from the dry trunks of fir trees (देवदार) which have been felled for two or more years, while the smelter is using small green wood. Contrary to this smiths preferred nit such dense charcoal from a fir, it ignites and crushed better (Forbes 1958, p. 20, …show more content…
In the course of the flat slags formation process, the recycled charge was mainly made by bornite and covellite-chalcocite as the matte formed by the procedure of the massive slag formation. Fayalitic slags and raw copper were formed by heating the Bo-Cv-Ch charge with quartz. The low porosity of the slags allowed a good separation between the raw copper and the slags. The three types of slags that show the most significant differences from the point of view of the macroscopic features are the coarse, the flat and the massive types. The coarse type is constituted by slags with irregular shapes, high porosity and the diffuse presence of unreacted quartz relics and other minerals of the charge. The third process hypothesis regards only one step in the pyrometallurgical process from which two types of slags were produced depending on the different position of formation that the slags had into the furnace. On the basis of the macroscopic features (smooth sides), it is possible that they formed themselves directly at the surface of the raw molten
Then more roasting occurred when the crucible was placed into a ceramic triangle for the Bunsen burner to continue its burning for an additional 90 minutes. Once the burning was officially over, the crucible was placed onto a ceramic tile to cool off. Next the charcoal and copper material were poured onto a paper towel and were separated from carefully distinguishing them one from the other. Then comparisons were down through analysis of the copper (II) oxide smelted.
The rocks are pebble to cobble sized basalt fragments. The samples collected ranged from 50mm to 120 mm. The rocks are angular. They have a gray, very fine ground mass. Fine plagioclase feldspars are visible throughout the ground mass and sparkle in the sunlight.
Adding copper pennies to the vase helps preserve the flower and help it live longer. A copper penny could be used as an antibacterial agent. It helps the flower stay alive longer because the copper prevents the fungi from growing in the inside, which could kill the flower. The help of the penny copper means that there will be none or limited fungi which is one factor why the flower could die faster.
The Cordell varies in lithology throughout the 47 meters of unit thickness. The Cordell has chert nodules throughout the strata unlike the Schoolcroft which only has chert nodules at the top of the member. Additionally, the Cordell is more uniformly and thinly bedded than the Schoolhouse. The very upper Cordell unit is nicely exposed at Scott’s quarry in the HNF. The quarry exposes approximately 15 meters of Cordell dolostone.
Traveling from the U.S. mint into the hands, pockets, and wallets of citizens, ultimately, pennies will develop a dirty look due to daily interactions with their surroundings. In recent years, many have discovered possible solutions to restore the original shine of copper pennies. In order to determine what solution most effectively sterilizes our common pocket money, it is crucial to understand what makes pennies dull in the first place and what can counter this reaction. Over time, pennies receive a dark coating, creating a dull appearance.
This gives archaeologists who found this, an exceptional insight into a piece of history. To begin with, this ancient art is decorated with multiple figural reliefs on the front surface of the stone. There is some damage near the top point of the artifact, along with two
Minerals 1. The minerals under the DRI for my age group would be calcium, potassium, sodium, copper ,iron, magnesium, phosphorous, selenium, and zinc. The mineral that comes below the DRI would be be potassium. However, it is not more than 80% below the DRI. However I did have a low potassium intake.
Its composition consists of Half Dome Granodiorite, which consists of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and
On March 18th 1959, on the outskirts of Tibet, my grandfather Lhagyal Kamsang traveled with his father, Baba Chodar and with a group of Tibetans to New Delhi, India after China’s occupation of Tibet. Lhagyal was walking with his father, Baba chodar and with a group of Tibetans who wanted a new life in India. They followed a trail that lead to the border of India, the trail was surrounded with thin towering trees that could touch the clouds and the pathway would often twist as if it was a slithering snake. A delicate white mist would always surround the group of travelers and the gust of wind would provide them a blanket of wind. The group was filled with hopeful people who wanted a change in their lives and were willing to push
“A painting showing an early factory plant shows that the smoke rising from the factory was black and full of coal ashes, affecting the air. Also, because the factory is next to water, it can be assumed that the factory has dumped into this water, causing it also to become polluted”(Document 3). Yes, wonderful products came from these factories; things like clothing and cars, but coal was being used to power these machines that produced. Black coal ash rose up into the sky and was being breathed in by the people and animals. Coal is not the best thing for people’s lungs.
The poorly sorted nature of the conglomerates, considered with the inclusion of wood fragments in the older conglomerate members and the graded sandstones and mudstones throughout the formation suggest deposition occurred through successions of debris flows. Presence of volcanics in the lithic fragments further indicate volcanic activity in the process of sedimentation as well—as debris flows associated with lahars are the likely source of the slope failures. Deposition environment was moderate to deep marine, as mudstone deposits require low energy depositional environment, but the style of sedimentation indicate deposition was not on a continental shelf. This is further supported by inclusion of the large overturned clast from an older member within the formation. Cross-bedding, graded bedding, and scouring surfaces provide 3 lines of evidence establishing the northern contact of the formation as the original upward oriented surface.
It used up a lot of coal that was burned in a firebox to heat it and get the steam running so it starts
The Ok Tedi Copper Mine Define the main forms of pollution and resource depletion and identify the major problems associated with each form. The main type of pollution at the Ok Tedi Copper Mine is the discharging of mining waste into the Ok Tedi River in Papua New Guinea. The pollution problem began in 1984 following the collapse of a tailing dam used by the company that was responsible for mining copper and gold at the site. By 2000, more than 90 million tons of mine waste had been released into the river and destroyed tens of villages, farms, rainforests, and fisheries downstream.
The periodic table is a much more interesting concept than people give it credit for. Periodic means the repeating according to some pattern. The first periodic table is very different from the modern one. They are both very interestingly organized. The periodic table has the elements on them.
Coal is a brownish, blackish rock that is high in organic carbon, mostly made from plant