Thyroid Nodules Essay

However, scientists believe that damaging changes or errors in the genetic material (DNA) in the cells may be involved. Damage or alteration in the DNA causes malfunction in biochemical processes that may lead to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, which develop into malignant tumors. Factors that increase your risk of developing this type of thyroid cancer include: • Female gender • Older age • A history of radiation therapy to the head and neck Hurthle cell carcinoma complications include: • Difficulty swallowing – when the tumor presses on the food pipe (esophagus) • Difficulty breathing – when the tumor presses on the windpipe (trachea) • Spread of malignancy (metastasis) to other organs and tissues Part 4: How to Treat Hurthle Cell

CASE: John Smith is an 11 year old Asian boy with PMHx of hypothyroidism x 2 years, on levothyroxine 25 mcg daily presented with painful progressively enlarging goiter that started 2 months ago. The pain is described as constant shooting and radiating to the neck, rated 6/10, nothing made it better, moving his neck made it worse. Pt states that the pain is mostly localized to the right, and it is associated with compressive symptoms like difficulty breathing and swallowing, but no change in voice. The swelling was painful and progressive and at the time of examination was 2 × 2 cm on the right side of the neck and was moving with deglutition. She had no other complaints and her family history was noncontributory.

Pathophysiology ANAT1066 Case study assessment Case study (b) INTRODUCTION Base on the clinical and laboratory data provided, the patient is suffering from Graves’ disease, a cause of hyperthyroidism which is a type of thyrotoxicosis. Clinical manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD) includes diffuse thyroid enlargement, palpitation and hyperthyroidism (Fukishima et al 2009). Other symptoms are ophthalmophathy which result in exopthalmos (bulging of the eye), and dermopathy (oedema) (mencori et al 2014). Hyperthyroidism has some symptoms such as heat intolerance, sweating and weight loss (mencori et al 2014). Tachycardia (a faster than normal heart rate at rest) and bruit (indicate hyper dynamic circulation) are among

The median age was 50 years (range: 18–89years). All had pathological confirmation of the diagnosis. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2. Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas represented 60% (109/183) of the tumors. Median follow-up was 36 months (range: 1week - 78 months).

Pulmonary: Chest wall symmetric, respirations even and unlabored. Lungs CTA. Cardiac: Sinus tachycardia, NL S1, S2. No murmurs or rubs.

B. Hashimoto’s disease is much more common in women than men. 1. Wilmar Wiersinga of the Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands states that “The incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism is about 350 cases/100,000/year for women and 60 cases/100,000/year for men in iodine-sufficient regions and 44 (females) and 12 (males) per 100,000 per year in iodine-deficient areas.” 2. Although the disease often occurs in adolescent or young women, it more commonly appears between 30 and 50 years of age.

After a few years, there was a tumor in her pituitary region. The tumor was secreting excessive amounts of growth hormone, casing symptoms to appear. She had enlarged hands and feet, coarsened, enlarged facial features, coarse, oily, thickened skin, and

3-CT It is radiological exam that uses x-ray tube to produce cross sectional images of the body by rotating around it and detecting the radiation coming out of it. This modality able to provide internal soft tissue details so it asses to reveal if any lymph node or organ are enlarged. CT are helpful in looking for any lymph in abdomen, pelvis, chest, head, and neck(2). and hepatosplenomegaly, or filling defects in the liver and spleen. CT is used for initial staging, assessing response to therapy , and for follow-up.(3)

Molecular genetics have shown nearly all to be monoclonal, suggesting that an intrinsic pituitary defect is likely to be responsible for pituitary tumorigenesis. Occasionally, prolactinoma may be part of a multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN-1), but this occurs too infrequently to justify MEN-1 screening in every patient with a prolactinoma. • GH- and PRL-secreting adenomas (or mammosomatotroph adenomas) Mixed growth hormone (GH)- and PRL-secreting tumors are well recognized and give rise to acromegaly in association with hyperprolactinemia.

All health providers describe neck strain radiating down his shoulder. He had physical therapy three times a week for 6 months but still experienced pain at the end of 2012 to the beginning of 2013 when his physical therapy ended. DHD referred him to Dr. Katzman who discussed the need of surgery to his left shoulder which he didn’t have because no fault cut him off. He also had an MRI of his cervical spine and

Saliva test – Cortisol levels rise and fall at different time of the day. But, in the evening is where they discovered that the levels drop the most. So by taking the saliva test the best time to get a sample would be at night when the cortisol levels would be at their highest. Imaging test – Tomography scans as well as magnetic resonance scans can provide images of the pituitary and adrenal glands and also detect abnormalities, such as tumors and

Thank you very much for referring Glenys along for further investigation of the abnormalities detected on the CT scan of her chest which was done for investigation of night sweats. As you have mentioned, she has seronegative rheumatoid arthritis for which she is normally on prednisolone, methotrexate and Arava, but the methotrexate and Arava have been stopped recently due to an elevated liver function test. The CT scan of her chest, abdomen and pelvis did not reveal any cause for her night sweats but did reveal the presence of mild, mid and upper lung paraseptal emphysema with some non-specific scarring in the basal segment of the right lower lobe basal lingula and anterior basal left lower lobe. There were multiple scattered small irregular cysts elsewhere throughout the lung. Alongside this, there were also two small pulmonary nodules in the right middle lobe and right lower lobe which were 3mm.

A life experience made me strong, but because I was so young, I do not remember going through it, just the after math of how it changed my life. When I was almost two years old my aunt was tickling me and she saw a bump under my throat area. She showed my parent and I was taken to the doctor, where the found a cyst, a hypoglossal duct cyst The physician said this type of cyst will appear on the neck, the pocket will form in the front part of neck and fill with fluid. This kind of cyst is formed from leftover tissue from the development of the thyroid gland when an embryo is forming, the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and it is part of the hormone-producing glands called the endocrine system.

5. Approach to the diagnosis. 5.1. Is it cardiac or not? 5.2.

Right lobe, the most voluminous. 2. Left Lobe, spread over elestómago. 3. Square, at the base, smaller than the others, between the gallbladder fossa and the round ligament.