Carbon Footprint Literature Review

2. Literature review

The literature review in this chapter will focus on four aspects. The first one is to address the international standards of the carbon footprint. The second one is to interpret the international standards of the water footprint. The third one is to discuss the carbon labeling and its correlation with the fishery. Finally, the fourth one is to review the life cycle inventory of the shrimp products.

2.1 International standards for carbon footprint Since the concept of the carbon footprint of a product is extended from that of the greenhouse gases at the organizational level, we start the review from this issue. The ISO 14064-1:2006 standards provides the specifications when to inventory the greenhouse gases at the organizational

In their opinions, the interconnections for the capture fisheries and the aquaculture have steadily increased in recent years and then have released abundant of carbon footprints. For instance, to catch the fishery, the captain should navigate thousands to millions of miles to reach the target fishing ground. During the navigation, the captain also uses the refrigeration equipment to store these fisheries for fresh. Both of these require plenty of energy consumptions. For the aquaculture, the energy consumptions come from the aqua feed and the electricity for waterwheels, which are the main contribution to the carbon footprint. Nevertheless, the authors seldom watch relevant discussions on the articles and hear other scholars proposing correspondent policies. To fit the research gap, those authors come up their suggestions and limitations for this issue. They mentioned that there are commonly three aspects of indicators for fishery sustainability: (1) the relevant safety quantity for catches; (2) to refuse the fish-catching methods that hazard the environment; (3) the efficiency of fishery management systems. Therefore, the authors considered that introducing the carbon labeling can extend the consumers ’consciousness of the environmental sustainability and then provide more generally evaluations. However, the authors also pointed out that certain factors may block the promotion of carbon labeling, which is: (1) the standards of certifications, including the sufficient and dependable data; (2) how to link up the carbon labeling to other environmental indicators; (3) the fee for certifications also need to take into