Obstetrician Forceps Research Paper

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THE OBSTETRIC FORCEPS[19] Historical Aspects The history of the development of forceps is colorful and complex. Four important events mark the evolution of forceps. 1. The invention 2. Introduction of the pelvic curve. 3. Introduction of the axis traction devices. 4. Return to a straight forceps for low transverse applications. Forceps is a word derived from Latin with probable origin from the word “Ferriceps” which when translated means ‘the iron with which one ceases something hot’. The origins of forceps for obstetric use are uncertain. The Invention of Forceps Modern forceps are descendents from the instruments developed by a Huguenot refugee to England in the 16th century. The original Chamberlane family consisted …show more content…

It is mentioned that Smellie was the first to recommend forceps for the delivery of after coming head in breech and hence the introduction of pelvic curve. Introduction of Axis traction[20] The axis traction devices came into play when it was perfectly evident to everyone that in employing the ordinary forceps with the head at brim, a large amount of force is lost against the anterior pelvic wall. The Danish obstetrician Matthias Saxtroph was among the first to demonstrate the importance of traction in the pelvic axis. He proposed a combined two handed traction technique for instrumental delivery later discussed by Osiander and Charles P. Pajot as the Pajot Saxtroph maneuver. Return to straight forceps The circumstances have changed later and the high forceps operation is replaced by LSCS. This marked the return of the modified straight forceps for low and outlet forceps …show more content…

1. High forceps – The BPD is at the plane of the inlet, leading bony point is at or just above ischial spines 2. Mid forceps – BPD in the plane of greater pelvic dimensions, leading bony point at or below spines but above +2 Hollow of the sacrum not filled. 3. Low forceps – BPD in the plane of least pelvic dimensions, leading bony point is below +2, hollow of sacrum filled. 4. Outlet forceps - BPD in the plane of outlet leading bony point at or outside introitus. ACOG CLASSIFICATION [8,25] Based on the station at which the procedure is performed and the degree of rotation required forceps deliveries were reclassified by the ACOG in 1988. 1. Outlet forceps:- -Scalp visible at the introitus without separating labia. -Fetal skull has reached the pelvic floor. -Sagittal suture in AP diameter or in the Right or Left OA or OP position. -Fetal head at or on the perineum. -Rotation does not exceed 450. 2. Low forceps - Leading point of fetal skull is at station +2

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