INTRODUCTION
To produce milk without some bacteria it is impossible. Therefore to prevent multiplication of the bacteria that have gained access efforts should be made- This can be done by cooling the raw milk. This process is known as chilling of milk.It is very importance specially when there is considerable time lapse between production and pasteurization. Also when it is transported to long distances the milk is cooled.
Quality control has gained a major importance in dairy industries. As per recent norms about 70% of the milk we get could not pass the test by FASSAI . Thus this paper introduces few methods of quality checking of milk.
Making of butter in industries is a far different process than the homemade one. It requires series
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EXPERIMENT 2.
AIM: To determine the presence of formalin in milk.
THEORY:
Formalin can preserve milk for a long time but it is poisonous. The presence of formalin can be detected on addition of conc. Sulphuric acid to the milk. If a violet or blue ring is formed then it confirms the test.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Conc. sulphuric acid.
2. Milk sample of about 10ml.
APPARATUS:
1. A beaker.
2. A Pipette .
3. A Test tube.
STEPS:
1. Take about 10 ml of milk in a test tube.
2. Add 5 ml conc. sulphuric acid through the sides of the test tube and prevent shaking.
3. If a violet or blue ring appears at the point ehere 2 layers intersect, it shows the presence of formalin.
OBSERVATION: No change in colour of milk sample.
RESULT: Formalin is absent in
Now, they are ready to start the lab. The empty crucible is weighed by and the weight was recorded. Then the students used a disposable pipet and put close to 4.0 grams of their milk sample in their crucible on the scale. The crucible was then placed back on
A milk-based, litmus broth tube is incubated and observed after 48 hours. Observations include lactose fermentation without gas as well as with gas, the reduction of litmus, casein protein coagulation and casein and protein hydrolysis. These characteristics were all determined based on the color of the solution and the production of a curd, the curds density and the production of a gas. To determine the density of the curd, the tube was slightly turned to see rather or not it was mobile or concentrated towards the bottom. 2.3 Carbohydrate Fermentation of Lactose, Sucrose and
Chromatography Lab Riley Borklund Table 5, Seat 2A Lab Partners: Martin, Katherine, and Dakari Honors Biology, Mrs. Semaan January 5, 2016 Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to find what pigments are in a spinach leaf. The only pigments visible to the eye are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. We know this because chlorophyll reflects the green wavelength of light and shows us that it is present. We also, however, wanted to know what else is present in the spinach leaf.
Like Biuret solution, apply five drops of Iodine solution into each tubes and gently mix it. If the substance becomes blue-black, then starch is
In simple terms, dairy is any food made from the milk products of animals, or produced in the mammary glands. Lactose is a type of sugar contained in any mammal’s milk and all humans are born with an intolerance to it. This is caused when the body does not produce enough of the lactase enzyme to break down the lactose. Ironically, milk, cream, butter, cheese and yogurt are all derived from dairy. (http://thedietplate.com/dairy)
In this experiment, I carried out a hydrolysis reaction by isolating trimyristin to yield myristic acid and glycerol as a side product. The trimyristin was prepared by combining ground nutmeg and diethyl ether and heating the mixture under gentle reflux. The mixture was then washed and concentrated in a rotary evaporator, obtaining crude trimyristin, which was then purified via recrystallization with 95% ethanol. This yielded 0.230g of purified trimyristin, in the form of a white powder. The trimyristin was then mixed with sodium hydroxide and 95% ethanol under gentle reflux, yielding sodium myristate.
It would also help to have separate spatulas for each sample which would further reduce the contamination between
In the round-bottom flask (100 mL), we placed p-aminobenzoic acid (1.2 g) and ethanol (12 mL). We swirled the mixture until the solid dissolved completely. We used Pasteur pipet to add concentrated sulfuric acid (1.0 mL) to the flask. We added boiling stone and assembled the reflux. Then, we did reflux for 75 minutes.
9. The melting point range was lower than the given range of the anti-addition product by 2 degrees Celsius. This could have been due to impurities in the product. A likely cause could have been water that still remained in the product after recrystallization (the product shifted upward during melting point analysis due to evaporation). Since water has a low melting point, it could have lowered the melting point range of the product.
The investigation was carried out to identify the presence or absence of biological molecules in serum 2216. If the concentration in each test tube of the dilutions carried out will be more concentrated then the concentration of the test tube before it, then the color will be at an equal concentration with the other dilutions performed. The hypothesis was wrong because of the difference in concentrations due to the different measurements within the dilutions done. The test for starch was to add a drop of iodine solution to the pipette in the spotting tile. A reducing sugar solutions is add inside a test tube with 3 drops to then add 3 drops of benedicts and plane in a water bath.
3. Upon adding 20 drops of NaOH, a white precipitate was formed signifying acidic impurity. In the second NaOH mixture, about 20 drops were administered and no precipitate formed indicating that the ample is more pure than before. Data: Weight of flask = 75.10 grams Weight of the flask with solids =
The temperature of the sulphuric acid was not measured throughout the experiment, however the room in which the experiment was conducted was kept constant, so the chance of any large error due to unknown temperature of the sulphuric acid was most likely reduced. The amount of sulphuric acid used was also controlled by measuring 100mL with a 100mL measuring cylinder to ensure that the results would be consistent. The volume of the agar cubes was calculated from the surface area of each agar cube, both before and after they had been in the sulphuric acid. This increased the reliability of the results as it allowed the rate of diffusion of the sulphuric acid into the agar cubes to be calculated more accurately. The concentration of the acid was 0.1M, which was placed in all three agar cubes to maintain consistency of results.
From the Unknown tube professor Cooper gave me, I scratched a little on the slant surface with the sterilized inoculating loop. Then I place it on a clean prepared slide which already had a slight drop of water. The two substances are mixed together in the middle of the slide and let dry completely. One extra step of “heat fix” is necessary to adhere everything to the surface of the slide. To start gram staining, I slightly pour crystal-violet all over the slide and let it sit for 30 seconds before wash it off with water.
Also, although this likely served no contribution in disheveling the results, using a stirrer of the same material to ensure the separate testing of each substance will be as uniform as
Through the titration process, we are able to identify physical changes to the mixture such as the colour change to indicate the end point of the experiment. For example, the colour changes of phenolphthalein from colourless to pink and methyl orange from red to orange and subsequently yellow. Acids produce hydrogen ions and bases produce hydroxide ions. This causes the indicator to change colour due to the colour difference from the undissociate molecules.