Macromolecules Essay

In the middle of the bilayer, the fatty acids of the phospholipids are found, which is called as hydrophobic region. Prokaryotic cells can have multiple plasma membranes. In these organisms plasma membranes are responsible for controlling the entry and exit of the

This organic molecule has a lot of critical roles in the human body. First off proteins come in four main structures and these structures are called primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. A primary protein structure is a linear arrangement of amino acids. Secondary structure has areas of folding or coiling and these are known as an alpha helices and pleated sheets. Tertiary structure has a three-dimensional structure, which is from non-covalent contact between the amino acids.

A) NaCl B) cholesterol C) C6H14 D) triglyceride E) fatty acid Answer: A Diff: 5 Page Ref: 31 13) Each of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. B) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.

In the first step, the leaving group departs, forming a carbocation C+. In the second step, the nucleophilic reagent (Nuc :) attaches to the carbocation and forms a covalent sigma bond. If the substrate has a chiral carbon, this mechanism can result in either inversion of the stereochemistry or retention of configuration. Usually both occur without preference. The result is racemization.

This process of ethanol fermentation is used in the making of wine, bread, and beer. The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

Endocytosis brings molecules into a cell while exocytosis takes molecules out of a cell.2. Both processes use vesicles for molecular transport.3. Endocytosis creates vesicles while exocytosis can destroy them.4. The primary function of endocytosis is getting nutrients and the primary function of exocytosis is expelling waste.Read more: Difference between Exocytosis and Endocytosis | Difference Between

Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one kreb cycle. REACTION 2: Formation of Isocitrate: The next reaction of the Kreb cycle is catalysed by acontinase enzyme. In this reaction overall two H2O molecules are generated one water molecule is removed and other water molecule is put added into another location. The overall effect of this reaction is that the shuffling of -OH group from position 3 to 4. The yield that get is isocitrate

The next step is nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated cysteine's anionic sulfur on the substrate carbonyl carbon. In this step, a fragment of the substrate is released with an amine terminus, the histidine residue in the protease is restored to its deprotonated form, and a thioester intermediate linking the new carboxy-terminus of the substrate to the cysteine thiol is formed. Therefore, they are also sometimes referred to as thiol proteases. The thioester bond is subsequently hydrolyzed to generate a carboxylic acid moiety on the remaining substrate fragment, while regenerating the free enzyme. 3.Mechanism of threonine protease Threonine proteases use the secondary alcohol of their N-terminal threonine as a nucleophile to perform catalysis.

Introduction to glycogen and glucose Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body. In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles hydrated with three or four parts of water. Glycogen functions as the secondary long-term energy storage, with the primary energy stores being fats held in adipose tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells, and liver glycogen converts to glucose for use throughout the body including the central nervous system.

From an energy point of view carbohydrates represent the most valuable of the food components (Processing, n.d.). The basic structure of carbohydrates is a sugar molecule and this macro nutrient is classified in terms by how many molecules the structure contain. There are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates contain mostly fructose and glucose sugar molecules that combine to form a disaccharide. Complex carbohydrates contain polysaccharides and this includes starches, fiber, and glycogen.