This photo is of the Frances Cabrini row houses on the Near North Side of Chicago. It shows public housing projects that were built in the cities black ghettos. The city is completely segregated into racial sections, this segregation and the way it’s divided has remained almost unchanged since the 1960’s (Bogira). These neighborhoods were established back after the wars were over and jobs were harder to get. African Americans were denied access to unions and the ability to buy houses in certain areas were impossible due to redlining. This guaranteed that blacks were kept in very specific neighborhoods. In these areas unemployment was high and few were able to buy houses. Rental properties were not well maintained and crime became the norm. This is not to imply that cities declines were entirely due to racism but that African Americans just happened to be those primarily affected. Ecological and Social Disorganization Theory 's idea is that a city is separated into circles, or zones, radiating out from the center. The center of the city is the central business district and as you move outward from there, the less problems or crime is found. The first zone, as I mentioned, is the central business district which is where businesses and factories are found but few people actually live. The next zone is the zone of …show more content…
2014. Criminological Theory. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education inc. Rengifo, Andres F 2009. “Social Disorganization.” Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0008.xml Schalliol, David. “The Frances Cabrini row houses on the Near North Side.” Chicago Reader. February 10, 2011. http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/ImageArchives?oid=3221713&by=1493689 Madyun, Na’im H. 2011. “Connecting Social Disorganization Theory to African-American Outcomes to Explain the Achievement Gap.” Educational Foundations v25 (n3-4):
According to William Julius Wilson in When Jobs Disappear the transition from the institutional/Communal Ghetto to the Jobless/Dark Ghetto was driven by economic transformations in American from the late 1960’s to the 1990’s. While for Logic Waquant in Urban Outsiders, thought the economic factors were significant; the political factors were more impact. William Julius Wilson most studied about south side of Chicago it’s a classical example of inner city its wasn’t like before in the 1960’s it’s was a community and by the late 70’s the community was gone. According to Wilson, even though it’s was gone the community was not even a wealth community its was a poor community the majority member of that community where indeed Black American
Many Americans wonder why once-boomtowns like Chicago and Detroit have deteriorated into little more than ghetto villages surrounded by skyscrapers. The answer may be found in patterns from mid-20th-century urban segregation. Starting around the turn of the 1950’s, segregation laws intensified between whites and blacks, as portrayed in Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, named after the final line in one of Langston Hughes’ most famous poems. This created an idea of “white flight,” as white, middle-class citizens left urban areas out of fear that the presence of minorities would devalue their neighborhood land. In Hansberry’s story, the black, lower-class Younger family compares to the pattern of white flight observed in the mid-20th century by illustrating the xenophobia of whites, the occasional sleaziness of realtors, and the boldness of the minority groups during this period.
There were a number of problematic themes throughout Dr. Mary Pattillo’s book, Black on the Block, but the most taxing was the criminalization of the poor from the black middle class and majority of the “actors” working towards the revitalization of North Kenwood-Oakland. Dr. Pattillo addressed these issues to the reader, however my quandary was connected specifically to the responses from the black brokers and outside participants in repairing NKO. Throughout the reading, there was little to no deeper analysis of the conditions, which caused the decline of the neighborhood from the black gentrifiers and decision makers. Instead, there were numerous mentions of the ill behavior, influx of drugs and crime as well as lack of community pride
From the perspective of urban planning and the socio-cultural structure of cities, the landscape shown in the 1991 John Singleton film Boyz n the Hood brings to mind one of the foremost problems in the field of planning: that of urban decay. More specfically, the film presents some of teh socio-cultural phenomena that contribute to urban decay, such as forms of systematic racism in American life, whereby marginalized minority groups, such as the African-American community are essentially segregated to specific communities, and the corresponding difference in social class, where working class and poor communities are caught in environments of urban decay. At the same time, by presenting the conditions for urban decay, the viewer can also think through some of the positions which could reverse the effects of urban decay. If urban decay is caused by isolation and segregation along racial and class lines, than positions which seek to negotiate these boundaries, for example, by focusing on improving the quality of life of the affected area, can be effective means to reverse the phenomenon. One definition of urban decay is the following: “Urban decay exists in an area where the
Disco Music during the 1970s Pop culture during the 1970s originated as a consequence of the historical context of the era. The official end of the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the Bicentennial of the United States all occurred during this decade. As a result, a variety of social groups such as women, gays and lesbians, as well as racial and ethnic minorities confronted the American conservative ideals that had governed American society since the end of World War II. Conservative white Americans reacted to the civil rights gains that took place in the 1960s and moved to the suburbs of the city, leading to city deterioration. Ultimately the decline of the city allowed for the creation of cultural spaces (disco clubs) that in turn challenged normative American social values.
Gentrification connotes the influx of wealthier people into an existing urban area and a related increase in the property value, rent, and changes in culture and character. More often, gentrification is negatively portrayed as the displacement of poor communities through the arrival of rich outsiders. Gentrification arises from an increased interest in a certain urban district leading to many wealthy people buying and renovating houses in the area. The real impacts of gentrification are often intricate, contradictory and vary depending on the type of urban center. In a way, gentrification has greatly altered American urban landscape over the years.
Critical criminology is the study of the relationship between crime and power.
Spatial mismatch is the phenomenon of people, usually black poor people, who are isolated into a neighborhood or ghettos that are far from the jobs and economic growth. There are many implications to spatial mismatch such as the potential workers lack of knowledge about jobs, these people do not have adequate transportation to the job, and there is generally a cost-benefit that discourages many workers from even attempting apply for jobs if they do know about them. When these challenges combine it creates the mass joblessness in ghettoes that lead to crime, drug abuse, and drug dealing. As William Julius Wilson notes, when high levels of joblessness afflict neighborhoods, there exist a lack of social organization or that thing needed to maintain the social order of said neighborhood. Formal and informal controls are all undermined by the lack of economic opportunities, which creates incentives to participate in crime and drug dealing.
Gentrification is the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste. Real Estate investors usually take low-income places that they feel have a chance to prosper economically, and turn them into areas that attract the middle and upper class workers. In doing so they feel like the low-income areas will be safer and more appealing, attracting more people to visit and live there. An improvement to a poor district sounds beautiful, but is gentrification as great as it’s sought out to be? Many residents have their doubts about gentrification due to the idea that the costs of their living will go up and they will be driven out of their neighborhoods.
While a few theories are not as regular, others have developed and are utilized as a part of numerous criminal reviews today. Cutting edge criminologists consolidate the most important aspects of sociology, psychology, anthropology, and biological theories to advance their comprehension of criminal behavior. Rational choice theory, psychological, biological, and strain theory are used to analyze the
The expansions of bedroom-communities also materialized to accommodate the large volume of new Americans that was being produced. After the World War II numerous individuals purchased land on the outskirts of urban-cities and use the advancement of technology to create inexpensive houses that was attractive to the baby-boomers. To further accommodate the audience the G.I. Bill of the returning soldiers & their families made housing in the suburbs even cheaper. In a way it was a win-win for man and country. It wasn’t all peaches & roses in the late 1950s for minorities.
Firstly, social disorganization theory can be used to explain why poor communities experience high levels of crime rates. These theorists argue that the key to maintaining social order in a neighbourhood is to have effective social control institutions,
In 1910 a graduate from Yale Law School purchased a home in a previously all-white neighborhood. The Baltimore city government reacted by adopting a residential segregation ordinance, restricting African Americans to designated blocks. The mayor at the time Barry Mahool explained the ordinance as “Blacks should be quarantined in isolated slums in order to reduce the incidence of civil disturbance, to prevent the spread of communicable disease into the nearby White neighborhoods, and to protect property values among the White majority.” Widespread protest and riots began because of this decision. If the people of these neighborhoods had not called attention to this and revolted it would probably still be enforced today.
Whereas Cultural criminology has “learned that ‘theory must learn from life” (Presdee, 2004:277). Cultural criminology strives to do what
Social Disorganization theory directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. In other words, residential location is as significant as or more significant than the person 's individual characteristics, lower class areas have the highest crime rates. Cultural conflict, differential association, and social disorganization theories come together to explain how criminologist approach and analyze Cultural deviance theory. Cultural deviance theory has many strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of this theory is that it shows that illeagal opportunities are structured by society, it indicates why people become involved in a particular crime, and also presents ways to prevent deviant crime and behavior.