Table of Content
Details Page number
Introduction 02
Limitations in theory 02-03
The Harm Principle 03-04
The Offence Principle 04-05
Limitations in practice 05
The U.S. system 05-06
International Law 06-09
Conclusion 09
Bibliography 10-11
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ITS LIMITATIONS.
Introduction
No known society anyplace has ever adopted a standard of entirely absolute free speech. As indicated by nearly all free speech scholars, freedom of speech has been understood to have limits. Indeed, even in today’s liberal democracies there is no idea of unconditional freedom of speech. All right to speak freely speech scholars and philosophers, except very few in the United States, emphasize that freedom of speech is not absolute, neither in theory, nor in practice . Although they all agree on the significance of free speech for finding reality, fostering individual self-fulfillment and self-realization and maintaining democracy, they also argue that words can wound and believe that unlimited freedom of speech might prove
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1. Limitations in theory
The wide variety of suggestion stem from two major schools of aspect and their contradicting principles for binding of freedom of speech, standards often referred to as the standard of “harm” and the standard of “offence”. Brace of the philosophers fundamentally connected with the “harm” principle is John Stuart Mill, who in his well-known work on liberty argues: “The only aim for which power can be lawfully exercised over any member of mixed community, against his will, is to stop harm to others” [2, p. 86].
Another school of thought holds that speech, which causes “offence”, ought to likewise be liable to restriction of law, at least in some contexts and situations. As indicated by this standard few classes of speech should be regulated for the reason of their offensiveness alone.
1.1 The Harm
Congress’s power to limit freedom of speech in any way is not included in the enumerated powers listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution (20-21). The states, if anyone, are the only governments that might posses the power to limit free speech (21). Government officials, however, obviously have no regard for the Constitution or freedom of speech and are acting upon their own desires and values (21). Many examples of freedom of speech infringement are given throughout this book, and the author shows how these kinds of laws are enacted throughout history.
The Free Speech Coalition claims that these prohibitions are overbroad and vague and,
As the leader of the foundation, Greg Lukianoff has witnessed and fought many legal occasions of trigger warnings and microaggressions resulting in the masking of the freedom of speech. Coauthor Jonathan Haidt is a professor at New York University’s
Most Americans fought for their individual rights for decades before WW2. The first amendment in the Bill of Rights guarantees the right to free speech meaning that the citizens of America are allowed to read, write, and share ideas freely and act in opposition. Walter Lippmann, social philosopher and writer’s, article, The Indispensable Opposition, appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in 1939 during WW2. Lippmann informs Americans in the article on the importance of everyone having the freedom of speech and opinion in society by separating what is believed and what is the truth by creating juxtaposition, incorporating strong repetition, and invoking powerful diction to set the tone.
The article discusses how these are not crimes that are being committed, rather, these are crimes that are only being discussed. This raises the question of whether or not the United States is overcriminilizing speech. The article argues that in order for these crimes to seriously be considered as a criminal offense, the government needs to create an objective way of qualifying what is and
Censorship in America can vary between the silencing of young voices and the prevention of exposing others of inappropriate material. Many people are afraid of losing their freedom of speech, as first amendment rights should be mandatory for American citizens. Polar to this argument insists the importance of censorship, as it can shield the public from information that can lead to fear or chaos. Leaving students ignorant to world problems, however, is argued by Sonja West that it removes their first amendment rights and creates a future working-class of Americans who are clouded from the truth. West is a law professor at the University of Georgia who is distinguished for her expertise in the first amendment law and minor in journalism.
Freedom of expression is one of the laws the forefathers of America made to empower its citizens and also enables them to live in peace amongst themselves. In most countries around the world, freedom of expression does not exist, so there is always war in those countries. In the article “Why the First Amendment (and Journalism) Might Be in Trouble”, the authors, Ken Dautrich, chair of the Public Policy at the University of Connecticut and John Bare, who is the vice president for strategic planning and evaluation at the Arthur M. Blank Family foundation in Atlanta, conducted a research study on the importance of freedom of speech. They used their research findings to support freedom of expressions. They employed claim of policy, claim of fact and also appeal to pathos and logos in their argument of the importance of the freedom of speech.
Censorship of The First Amendment This paper will discuss how censorship denies citizens of the United States our full rights as delineated in the First Amendment. It will outline how and why the first amendment was created and included in the Constitution of the United States of America. This paper will also define censorship, discuss a select few legal cases surrounding freedom of speech and censorship as well as provide national and local examples of censorship.
So how should society treat the forms of speech they do not like while still protection First Amendment
If they don’t like what somebody does, they push them deeper, until they cannot see who they are. For an example let us go to page 63. Equality hides a secret from a council member, and through the bare of bickering, Equality is then sentenced to being lashed bare. Because a person utilizing what would be known as freedom of speech, they get whipped? What world is this to ask for the basic human right to be stripped from the humans themselves?
In the article, “The Indispensable Opposition,” author, Walter Lippmann, argues his claim that we must view the freedom of oppositions as a way to improve our decisions in a democratic society rather than just tolerating that freedom of speech. When freedom of speech is tolerated and only seen as a right to speak, Lippmann believes that the liberty of opinion becomes a luxury. Moving forward, Lippmann then states that we must understand that the freedom of speech for our opponents are a vital necessity since it provides our own opinions to grow in improvement. Through practical experience, we realize we need the freedom of opposition and is no longer just our opponent ’s right.
People have the tendency to take the First Amendment for granted, but some tend to use it to their favor. Stanley Fish presents his main argument about how people misuse this amendment for all their conflicts involving from racial issues to current political affairs in his article, Free-Speech Follies. His article involves those who misinterpret the First Amendment as their own works or constantly use it as an excuse to express their attitudes and desires about a certain subject matter. He expresses his personal opinions against those who consistently use the First Amendment as a weapon to defend themselves from harm of criticism.
The idea of free speech on college campuses and the complications of it stem from those on campuses expressing views that don’t align with popular views. Implications for students who use the idea of free speech as a method for hateful actions and comments should be reprimanded, but the question remains as to whether schools should enforce tougher limitations. The freedom of speech on college campus expands to the freedoms of religion, assembly, press, and protest as well. Freedom of expression allows students to show their own political, social, and cultural views. Removing freedoms of speech and expression have consequences deeper than surface issues.
Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech is the freedom all people have, to express what they consider and express any opinions. It is an ability to express our opinions freely without being punished or censored. All people throughout the world are entitled and must have right to freedom of speech. However, how much do we know about freedom of speech: when did it occur? Does every countries have it?
As human beings, we are all born with an entitlement of freedom of speech or synonymously known as freedom of expression as it is a basic human right. It is stated in the Federal Constitution and it is important for us human beings to protect our rights to freedom of speech and expression as it is the backbone for a democratic society. Having the right to express oneself freely without any restrictions is an essential part of what it means to be a free human being. Article 10 in the Federal Constitution states that; (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (b) all citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to form associations.