Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry, Water, And Ph

Question # 1: Part A How many electrons and protons in an atom of vanadium? Answer # 1: Atomic number = number of protons = 23 Mass number = number of protons + neutrons Mass number = 51 g/mole Number of neutrons = 51-23 Number of Neutrons = 28 Number of electrons = atomic number = 23 Question

Covalent bonding - Covalent bonding is when two atoms share electrons this can only occur between two non-metals. They share electrons to fill up their outer shells, this makes the atoms stable. A Covalent bond can form up to one to three Covalent bonds with non-metals depending on how much electrons they possess. They don't always share electrons

The constant variable is the amount of sodium hydroxide. Literature review A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are shared pairs and bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attraction and a repulsive force between atoms, when they share electrons is called covalent bonding.

Atoms are made up of three basic components: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. The proton particle carries a positive charge while the neutrons carry no charge(neutral). When combined, the protons and neutrons make up the central part of the atom also known as the nucleus. The electrons carry a negative charge and its role is to circle around the nucleus. Each atom also has a unique number of both protons and neutrons that is known as the atomic number.

Charging: is when an object gets a transfer of electrons and becomes electrically charged. Positive

Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved in water

Dylan Clayton Mrs. Beckwith Pre-Ap Physical Science 9 7 December 2015 The Importance of Electrons Electrons are the negatively charged subatomic particles that revolve the center, nucleus, of an atom. They are arranged in different energy levels and they orbit around the nucleus like the Earth revolves around the Sun. Electrons are important in atoms, compounds, and chemical bonds involved in chemical reactions. These subatomic particles have importanance to the organization of elements into periods & groups, characteristics of elements in the same periods & groups, and the formation of compounds based on periodic table placement.

In order for organisms to carry on life, energy must be provided. The food taken into the body must be broken down into smaller pieces before it can be used as a source of energy by the organism. This process of breaking down food is called digestion and there are many enzymes used in order for digestion to occur. Enzymes are catalysts, which means that they can start and speed up a chemical reaction. Without enzymes in our body, it would take a longer period of time for digestion to occur.

Look around, animals, tables, pens, all have one thing in common. They each are made of matter and matter is made of atoms (OI). The atom is the basic building block of all matter. It is the smallest unit of all matter. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of atoms.

An atom by definition as said by Webster dictionary is “The smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be combined with other atoms to form a molecule.” Before we had any of this knowledge, many of philosophers and many of scientists worked on the idea of atom. One of the earliest philosopher that studied Atoms was Democritus. Democritus was very influential Ancient Greek philosopher. He was the one who created the Atomic Theory, but he didn’t create it himself, it was his mentor’s idea, which he made famous.

All matter is made of atoms. Atoms have a nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons, and is surrounded by electrons. The nucleus is concentrated in a very small space, about 10-15 m. An entire atom is on the order of 10-10 m, so the electrons are relatively far from the nucleus, and, strangely enough, atoms are mostly empty space. Physicists have found that the electrons traveling around the atomic nucleus can have only certain amounts of energy, called energy levels. In other words, the energy levels of atomic electrons are quantized.

The extra protons were thought to provide the extra atomic mass, while the additional electrons would cancel out their positive charge, leaving the atom electrically neutral. Eventually, however, calculations using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle showed it was not possible for electrons to be contained in the nucleus. There were other ideas. Ernest Rutherford in 1921 postulated a particle called the “neutron,” having a similar mass as a proton but electrically neutral. Rutherford imagined a paired proton and electron somehow joined in one particle.

Properties of Ionic and Covalent Substances Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab was to determine which of the following substances: wax, sugar, and salt, are an ionic compound and which are a covalent compound. In order to accurately digest the experiments results, research of definitions of each relating led to the following information: ionic compounds are positive and negatively charged ions that experience attraction to each other and pull together in a cluster of ionic bonds; they are the strongest compound, are separated in high temperatures, and can be separated by polar water molecules. A covalent compound forms when two or more nonmetal atoms share valence electrons; covalent compounds are also

INTRODUCTION Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world.

Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.