Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

INTRODUCTION HOWARD GARNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES The Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences was developed by a psychologist Howard Gardner in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. it speculates the individuals have eight or more relatively independent intelligences. The eight identified intelligences include linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, naturalistic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence (Gardner, 1999). According to Gardner’s analysis, only two intelligences—linguistic and logical mathematical—have been valued and tested for in modern secular schools; it is valuable to contemplate of that

1.1 Background of the Study Since the publication of book entitled Frames of Mind by Howard Gardner in 1983, the concept of Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory brings the new horizon in Psychology and Education. The traditional view of intelligence was best conceptualized as a single, general capacity for conceptualization and problem solving which simply measured by the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test. In addition, Spearman (1904) as cited in Bandarabbasi, & Karbalaei (2013) claimed that there is a relationship between intelligence and a variety of intellectual performance. He believed that people who perform well on intelligence tests also perform well on other intellectual tasks, such as vocabulary, mathematical, and spatial abilities. Intelligence

Year Round School Many schools have switched to year round schooling. In fact, there are 3,181 schools in the Michigan. With that 10% of those schools are public schools. Also, many schools with year round school have had high test scores and better rates. In year round school kids are showing more success and more understanding.

That is the four set of factors are mutually exclusive. And finally, the bunch of queries should be motivated to trigger responses feeding the factor dig rather than creating a big, and irrelevant, picture of the individual with no convincing trait. Studies, published in Educational and Psychological Measurement (Sipps, Freidt) and Journal of Personality (McCrae, Costa), have shown that factor analysis of the MBTI questions leave a large room for error. And for us mere mortals, it probably means that the error is big enough to fit a second individual, a camel, and a

Although there were many contradictions over the past years, majority of research 114 supports the theory of dual coding. This theory is applicable in daily activities mainly in the 115 education sector where it has proven to improve skills such as reading and writing. It is also PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2719v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 13 Jan 2017, publ: 13 Jan 2017 116 applicable in remedial literacy education, where these principles were used to help those with 117 learning disabilities (Paivio, 2006). The present study on DCT was conducted using participants 118 from Asian ethnicity. 298 subjects were given a set of 30 words (either concrete or abstract) to 119 memorize in 60 seconds, and the total number of words recalled were recorded according to the 120 number of words given to the participants.

According to Howard Gardner (1983) who had developed the theory of multiple intelligences. Who’s work result had shown that intelligence thinking refers to the “IQ” level. However, he argued that IQ test can only measure linguistic and logical- mathematical abilities. Gardner said that there are nine different kinds of intelligence. Which are linguistic or verbal, Spatial or Visual, Mathematical or Logical, Rhythmic or Musical, Kinesthetic or Bodily, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic and Existential.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, children who play in high school sports are more likely to be academically successful. The social benefits can also lead to academic benefits. When teams are performing better, that success can also lead to the classroom. It makes students have a mindset that should do better in another subject in school (“Global Sports”). A University of Kansas study looking at the performance of students in the grades 9 to 12 showed that more than 97 percent of student athletes graduate high school, 10 percent higher than those students who have not participated in sports.

Intelligence could be classified as 9 main types: naturalistic, musical, logical-mathematical, existential, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, intra-personal, spatial intelligence. For example people with interpersonal intelligence are likely to be good at communicating and understanding others. People who are able to speak more than 3 languages should be linguistic type. Intelligence is widely measured by an IQ test which was originally designed by a French scientist in the early 1900s. He defined intelligence: "It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life.

Eysenck preferred to work with a broad three dimensional picture, whereas Cattell believed that working with a larger number of traits, a more accurate perception of personality is obtained (Hampson, 1988). Eysenck’s strategy of looking for broad themes to categorize groups of traits was admired by other psychologists, but it was also recognized that his dimensions didn 't exhaust the full range of personality characteristics (McCrae & John, 1992). Through investigation of the validity of Cattell and Eysenck’s structures of personality however, researchers made a monumental discovery in personality theory; the Five Factor model of Personality (Fehriinger,

Elaboration Likelihood Model The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was developed by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo in the early 1980s. (Paul A.M, 2012). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion is a dual process theory that explaining the different levels of information processing in individuals. It also seek to explain the different method of processing stimuli, the reason they used, and their result towards an attitude change. Besides, the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was also created to explain past inconsistencies in attitudes research.