Fertility transition theory with respect to gender equity is challenged by two statements: The measures taken by men and women to prevent births has resulted to a fertility decline and essential changes will occur to women’s lives as a result of a persistent decline of fertility. The latter statement can be further supported by the fact that women belonging to countries with high fertility suggest spending a huge amount of time on childbearing and child caring. Thus, it can indicate that the country’s focus on parenthood has deviated from other aspects when fertility decline continues (Mcdonald, 2000) which could be the case in Japan.
Several studies to justify the fertility decline in many countries have tried different methods and tested
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For example, Duvander and Andersson (2008) stated on their study that the usage of parental leave to represent gender equity is not an accurate depiction of gender equality. Such that, it can be interpreted as a positive influence in the right direction of gender equality by the father’s support in the division of household labour which is a close depiction of gender equity. Moreover, most studies are focused on either women or men solely; the comparison of men and women is often neglected and the absence of a macro-level standpoint does not allow them to understand the change at a societal level particular among various countries (Leerife, 2012). Likewise, the models used were trivialized for its lack of focus on the study of fertility within the confines of its social and cultural framework (Mcdonald, 2000). So, another approach suggested is to include different society-level measures of both women and men in different areas while the focus will solely be on Japan instead of several countries. In any case, measuring gender equity in relation to fertility will differ for every researcher depending on the researcher’s evaluation and the relevancy of the indicators
In the “Baby Bust” essay, it is portrayed as if it is somehow a woman’s responsibility is to bear children and contribute to society by increasing the overall population size. However, it is not just exclusive to Canadian women who decide not to have children: “in Europe where, where one government after another experiments with costly childbearing incentives, the universal experience is that bribes don’t work. Women must want to have children” (367). Women willingly do not want to start families because they have other responsibilities to themselves like “finishing their training” and “rising within their chosen job”, as indicated in by Klass. Despite the declining population, women voluntarily opt out of parenthood, and as a result no incentive or bribe will be effective in convincing her to have children.
Butler, Cheryl Nelson. " The Racial Roots Of Human Trafficking." UCLA Law Review 62.6 (2015): 1464-1514. Academic Search Complete.
“Today gender roles in our society have changed considerably in recent decades: there are more women in the workforce, many doing jobs held exclusively or primarily by men, and a growing number of men who choose to stay home with the kids while their partner works outside the home.” (639) Although we’re transitioning away from the stereotypical view of gender roles many issues still exist, such as women to earn less than males from the workforce. But
Maternity leave is the one thing that characterises the overall stature of women in the workforce. This is because it is the backdrop alluding to the basic human rights in the workplace, and yet, is the main cause of segregation in the workforce, highlighting gender
Furthermore, United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Iceland, and Finland have faced this problem. Investigators report that sterilization is an important issue as the brutal reproductive attack on tolerance and the perpetuation of rape culture. The mainstream feminism really has been defined by issues of abortion and the right not to have children. Women of color fight for the right to have children consistently. However, this has continued to the 21st century.
Absence of paternity leave, acts as a threat to employment parity among the
This paper is concerned with the relationship between capitalism and demographic trends; with the late twentieth century development of neoliberalism alongside historically low levels of fertility in rich capitalist societies. In particular, I question if and how the shift from postwar, regulated capitalism to contemporary, neoliberal capitalism has contributed to the aggregate decline and stagnation of birth rates in advanced capitalist countries. In short, my claim is that the institutional and ideational features of neoliberal capitalism undermine the various requirements for reproduction. More specifically, by reducing the material and psychological means to reproduce, and diminishing the normative value of social-reproductive activities,
Because of these strict beliefs, cultural norms birth rates were down considerably compared to today, for many women wanted to await child birth; until they were financial secure or stable. Additionally, “we never read (or heard) about family violence and almost nothing about singlehood, cohabitation, stepfamilies, or one parent families” (Jones, ASID, IIDA, IDEC and Phyllis Sloan Allen, 2009, p. 74). However, in the 1970’s people began to expand their horizon’s, and soon ventured out to explore other cultures; causing challenges towards the social movement on their views of a traditional family structure. This is why, “since the 1970’s three of the major shifts have occurred in family structure, gender roles, and economic concerns” (Jones, ASID, IIDA, IDEC and Phyllis Sloan Allen, 2009, p. 74).
These unmarried women wants to “fulfill their noble tasks of motherhood”(p132). One of the motivation is they feel a sense of loneliness because many of them experience sentiments of insufficiency and uneasiness in a society surrounded by people who are in harmonious conjugal relationships(131). Moreover, even though numbers of “women are unlikely to marry, but “would need a child to take care of them in their old age” (132). A program implemented “encourage women to adopt an intensified focus on their bodies as the locus of their ‘femaleness’”(132).
Birth Control as a Sociological Phenomenon in the United States The approval of an effective birth control pill drastically reshaped the social landscape of the United States throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. Though the Pill was not the only form of birth control used in the U.S. during this period, it was perhaps the most significant as a source of change to the American social system, many of which were not related to reproductive decision making (Potts, 1988). By utilizing sociological concepts such as functionalism and the examination of social norms and symbols, it is clear that birth control as a whole affected not only childbearing decisions made by women and married couples, but also the role of women in society
In a lot of countries, gender plays a big role in the labor market. For instance, in America, the middle full-time compensation for ladies is 77 percent of that of men [4]. In any case, women who work low maintenance make more than men who work low maintenance [4]. Furthermore, among individuals who never wed or have children, women make more than men [4]. It might be hard to explain such contrasts.
As Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe found in 2014, when he launched his “Abenomics” plan to spur the country’s economy, a major part of getting an estimated 3 million more women to participate in the Japanese workforce lay in providing subsidized, high-quality child care. “Abenomics won’t succeed without women-omics,” he stated at the time. Between 1965 and 2010 labour force participation rate for women rose, but the time women spent on unpaid child care also climbed by a third. Since the Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women and the adoption of the Beijing Platform for Action in 1995, a number of governments and international development institutions have articulated their pledge toward gender equality goals. Most development actors and policymakers, however, remain focused on a narrow interpretation of women’s empowerment and often argue for “investing in women and girls” as a way to achieve poverty reduction and GDP growth, rather than as an end in itself and as a matter of social
One more important factor in developing gender equality is parental leave policies. Childcare in Nordic countries is covered in the same level as the homecare for elderly or
That way nobody is restricted of their right to procreate, just discouraged. For example, China is making woman have one baby by having them ask permission to have more babies 3. Spreading awareness about overpopulation Lack of the awareness about overpopulation can lead to families that do not care for limit the number of children they have and unfortunately, most people nowadays aren’t really familiar with overpopulation and its negative effects. Therefore, by spreading the awareness about overpopulation possibly can change them to be more aware of how their actions affects the entire country, and they can do their part as their responsibility to keep their country’s population at a sustainable
Still, most of the studies mentioned urban residency, greater financial stability and professional employment as determinant of childlessness