Gender is an issue with important theoretical and pedagogical assumption in second language learning. A great number of studies mentioned that gender can have an important effect on how students learn a language. A large number of researches worked on topics about gender, including language learning ability, motivation, teacher perceptions, learning styles and strategies, classroom interaction, teaching materials, testing and pedagogies. Many studies that tested gender as a variable in the use of language learning strategies said that significant gender differences almost always are the same, and they show greater use of LLS by females (see for instance, Green & Oxford, 1995; Noguchi,1991). (Politzer, 1983) argued that females used social LS …show more content…
The research findings indicate that women more frequently use memory, cognitive and social strategies. Oxford and Nyikos (1989) examined the use of learning strategies on a sample of 1200 adult French, Spanish, Italian and German language learners and demonstrated that gender plays a decisive role in the selection of strategies. The research results show that women tend to deploy all kinds of strategies more frequently, which corresponds to the results of previous researches on the role of gender in foreign language learning. These findings were also replicated in the research conducted by Ehrman and Oxford (1989) on a sample of 78 adult learners, including students and professors at the faculties of philological studies. The languages covered by the research included Indonesian, Turkish, Italian, Hungarian and Arabic. In accordance with the previous research, gender differences in the use of strategies were revealed. It was shown that female respondents used general learning strategies more often, and authentic strategies, strategies of getting and communicating meaning, as well as self-direction strategies were more frequently deployed by female …show more content…
Kaylani (1996) has indicated that male students differ from their female counterparts in the extent of strategy use. She has found that female students use memory, cognitive, compensation and affective strategies more frequently than male students and thus the correlation between gender and language proficiency has been established. Dongyue (2004) carried out quite an interesting research on the correlation between language proficiency, gender and strategy use. The research results mention that there are statistically significant gender differences in memory, affective and overall strategy use in favor of females. The results indicate that females are better at managing and controlling their emotions than their male counterparts. The author also mentions that the difference in the frequency of strategy use between men and women may be affected by other variables such as ethnic background, cultural background and language learning environment. Then we should consider a lot of aspects when we are choosing not only competitive approach but also applying the best interactional approaches as collaborative and
Of all the 70 scientific studies Tannen could have chosen to talk about, the number of which she releases later in her paper, her choice of these two serves to demonstrate how biased and varied in results the scientific studies on this topic have been in the past. This helps Tannen justify the need for her article on the subject as it gives reason to why the issue on which gender speaks more still has not yet been resolved. Later in her essay, Tannen uses the results of a survey done by Campbell Leaper and Melanie Ayres on the results of 70 studies published in scientific journals several times. Her first use of their results follows her statements on the studies talked about earlier in this paper, noting that they “found that counting words yielded no consistent differences”. She then goes on to say, “Campbell and Ayres note that many studies find women doing more ‘affiliative
Strategy: First we need to understand and know the customers. At a basic level, we should know the important factors of the customers like their demographic location, gender, website browsing habits etc. But that’s not enough.
(p.2). Strategy Applied in the
The phrase gender role is concept of society that defines what behavior society expect form men and women and how they are suppose to act in society . While evolving, what kind of passive and active toys are allowed to play with? What kind of clothes and colors to wear? Unaware route of molding a person to fit in with society 's norms and values is called sociologists as "socialization." Many think that gender stereotyping in form of clothes, toys or books or along with other aspects, teach a children rising up to fit into conventional gender roles.
Analysis Paper #1 Even from a very young age, I had always realized that males and females thought and communicated differently. Within my own family, gender miscommunication plagues my parent's marriage and my relationship with my three sisters. Even so, the dissimilarities between how my girlfriend and I communicate helped me further grasp the importance of understanding gender miscommunication. Through her research, Deborah Tannen has found that males and females see the world through different lenses.
Morghan Renfrow Instructor C. Shackelford English 1113, Section 101 1 September 2016 Analysts of “How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently” An essay written by Deborah Tannen called “How male and females students use language differently”, is describing how they talk and interact with others. The writer presents different studies on how language changes based on a certain person. The essay states that men are more aggressive and talkative, while women are calm and modest about talking about the views they share.
The Genderlect Theory: Explaining Communication Between Men and Women Communication is an essential part of everyday life. People encounter some form of communication with others on a daily basis, whether it is face-to-face, electronically, etc. However, communication is not universal in that everyone interacts with each other through these several methods. Thus, numerous studies about communication from different viewpoints have been conducted.
initiative for planning their own learning, seeking out the necessary resources, implementing and evaluating their own learning (tenant p10). The research by Tough prompted a multitude of research on the phenomenon. To date self-directed learning is one of the most widely researched area in the field of adult learning ( Owen , T Ross 2002). Categories of SDL Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner p107 have classified studies on self-directed learning into three broad categories. Each of these categories captures a major perspective of self-directed learning.
In China, Peacock and Ho (2003) researched 1,006 Chinese students of English and report that ‘females reported significantly higher use of all strategy categories; they also report a much higher use of individual strategies’ that are also associated with higher proficiency. In Malaysia Punithavalli (2003) conducted a research study with 170 ESL learners and found that female learners used greater strategies in and outside of classroom compared to the male learners. In many studies across different cultures there are important differences between genders in the use of social/ affective strategies with females using them more often (Zeynali 2012; Oxford 1995; Mohamed Amin,
) Abstract Since women have started to become involved in competitive work field, important differences between men and women have emerged. It is clear that men have the more prominent roles in the work environment. Noticeably, men have the majority in science, academia and high-ranking job positions. I believe that everyone, at least once, has asked the following question to herself/himself: ‘is it more advantageous to be a man or a woman in the workforce?’
Gender is becoming a large word of conflict in society, and its use has increased in the past few years as the definition has been debated and discussed. Many people are trying to figure out what gender is, and if it is as simple as male and female, or if gender is different from sex and a much topic. I personally view it as a broad word that means more than it has in the past, but that is due to the environment I have grown up in and people that have been in my life as I have started learning new things about the world . The word gender has such conflict about its definition that I feel it should be open for more discussion, or have multiple definitions to make up for the variations in opinions.
Language for society is important especially when it is used to communicate between one another. Language and gender are related in a way that the language and the settings that the language that we use differentiates the two genders. Most of the time, males are considered to be more dominant and that females are less dominant in the way they use the language in different context as well as the tone that is used when they speak. For example, “what a lovely idea!” used by females and “what an awesome idea!” used by males. Gender biases in language can also relate as there are certain terms or words that are used where its basic form refers to the description of men and not used to describe women.
To the extent that these activities differ between males and females, it is to be expected that their language will differ.” With these quote, Macaulay nearly invalidates the studies that were proposed in the previous article by Holmes, or any other study in which the speech of men and women was analyzed after an experiment or observation because they often only include a singular reoccurring event. In order for a true test to be performed, one would have to simulate a variety of different scenarios that would proportionally represent the common activities associated with each sex. Macaulay made the most valid point in terms of evaluating the speaking patterns of both sexes; it is only logical that the frequency with which men and women speak and the type language they use would be dependent on their comfort level in a certain
Gender Equality is the only way forward. What is gender equality? Gender equality is achieved when all genders enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society, including economic participation and decision-making, and when the different behaviors, aspirations and needs of women and men are equally valued and favored.
This is attributed to boys’ attitude towards learning a foreign language. For boys, a foreign language subject is traditionally for women (Clark, 1995); thus, creating conflict between performed masculinities and language practice (Carr & Pauwels, 2006). Foreign or second language acquisition is also known to depend on the teaching approach of the educator. Some educational experts suggest that a natural approach is the most effective way of teaching. As opposed to rote learning, where students are asked to memorize words and focus on structures and rules, the natural approach is a process of learning that focuses more on language comprehension and terminology usage so that they can be used in communication (Terrel & Krashen, 1983).