GENDER INEQUALITY IN NATION BUILDING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
There are many social issues that are undeniable major indicators for Papua New Guinea (PNG) to answer the question as to why there is a slow in progress and effective development of its economy. These are unequal distribution of resources, corruption, nepotism and political instability and gender inequality to name a few in which they are directly or indirectly hindering the effective nation building processes and more organised social functioning. However, this piece will explain and target factors, facts, effects and some personal solutions more specifically in relation to gender inequality in nation building and community development participations of men and women in Papua New Guinea prior to economic, political and social perspectives.
The National Goals and Directive Principles (NGDP) of PNG has had the high regard for integral human development and gender equality and participation, however, the number of women’s participation in the nation building and community development processes is still very small compared to men’s and this signifies gender inequality, whereas has been a major concern that Papua New Guinea’s government and Non-Government Organizations (NGO) like the churches and other corporate and non-corporate bodies are trying to diagnose it. The government of PNG had through the NGDP declared its first goal for every individual to be free and actively involve
In these interactions, the upper middle class women meet at world fairs to promote and make innovations in education, welfare and home services (Snarr, 2012). A woman’s view of development revolved around the terms of human and social development. Thus, women began forming organizations committed to human rights, development and peace. The first network to form was called the International Feminist Network who pushed for the UN to acknowledge that sexual assault on women during times of conflict is a form of violence (Snarr, 2012). Therefore, development was being made for equality for women and the poor.
It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance.” This was clearly missed by the people of Pluton as they only aimed for gender equality and did not think of the consequences of their extreme measures of getting away from gender
There are great obstacles hindering women from being represented in government. For example, despite Rwanda having the world’s best representation of women, with 58 percent, President Paul Kagame runs the show. Mexico, in seventh place, tops all of the Scandinavian countries but however, the women have little to no real power. Attitudes about gender-appropriate work and stereotypes about the aptitudes of women are a factor limiting women’s opportunities to gain access to top posts in
KaYing Yang, a longtime social justice activist, gave a lecture titled “Transforming Cultures to Create Gender Equity”. The lecture was a part of the Southeast Asian Heritage Lecture Series as it dealt with Hmong culture. KaYing Yang described the hardships that Hmong girls experience throughout all their lives simply due to their gender. Females are not as important as males in Hmong culture which results in serious sexism. From their birth boys are favored, given more attention, provided with more education.
Loris Malaguzzi (1993) claims that students enter school already “contaminated” with “pieces of the world attached” and of the “experiences we bring with us” (p. 2). Teachers need to understand what these “contaminants” are, how they influence or relate to students’ learning and their teaching practices before they can engage appropriate techniques. An ideal way to assess the influencing factors of students’ social inequality would be to observe students’ ‘virtual schoolbag’ (Thomson, 2002, p. 3). ‘Vicki’ and ‘Thanh’ from Pat Thomson’s 2002
The Social Epidemic of Inequality in Canada: Gender Inequality Through the years, social stratification of Canada has progressed and altered by cultural changes and social changes in society (Cummings et al. 2017). In the early 1900s, the acknowledgment of women as persons was established by the women’s suffrage movement (Strong-Boag 2016). This movement cultivated a pathway of equity for women since society was patriarchic at the time, but today gender inequality still impacts the lives of women including those of various ethnic backgrounds (Strong Boag 2016; Cummings et al. 2017). Even more, the recognition of people of different gender identities has resulted in mass awareness with the rise of LGBTQ activism (Nazish 2018). Today, contemporary culture is heavily influenced by agents of socialization such as family, religion, education and the government that impose gender stereotypes and social constructs (Cummings et al. 2017).
In countries such as Rwanda and South Africa, an increase in the number of female lawmakers could help to advance legislation that promotes gender equality such as providing equal land rights to women and ensuring reproductive rights(ibid). In Rwanda, improving land tenure security leads women owners to increase their investments in land by 18 percentage points, twice the level observed for men.(idid). The above information shows that when females have status in political field, then females’ future will be brighter and even achieve prosperity. However, the foundation of all things to
INTRODUCTION The Rwandan genocide in 1994 left the state of Rwanda and its citizens with political instability and emotional trauma as a result of ongoing ethnic conflict. During the post-genocide period and reformation process, Rwanda made history. Remarkably, Rwanda’s government becomes the number one country in world with the highest percentage of women in its federal government. With approximately 54% of parliament seats held by women, how did Rwanda achieve such an impressive gender representation in its political institutions?
In a society that holds itself to a high standard, it is difficult to fathom that it could become a dystopian world, like those centered in futuristic science fiction. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World presents a society that functions— from the perspective of the average modern individual— in an unimaginable manner. However, modern society is already veering towards its own Brave New World. When the growing gap between socio-economic classes and the increasing sexualisation in society are analyzed, a dystopian future becomes clearer.
Equality among people justifies the development of human civilization. The history witnesses how people mistreated the others and how other people fought for freedom. It proves a permanent truth that the more civilized the people are, the less inequality would be promoted. However, there was no one period in the past, even now, without inequality completely. The slavery issue in the West and the gender inequality in the East both brought unimaginable damage for not only the groups of people who were mistreated, but also the society which is supposed to be peaceful, fair and justice.
Gender Inequality Gender inequality is a characteristic of social structure according to which different social groups (in this case men and women) have certain differences resulting in unequal opportunities. Gender inequality is associated with social construction of masculinity and femininity as oppositional categories with unequal social value (Ferree, 1999). One of the main problems in gender theory is the problem of dominance. Together with race and class gender is a hierarchical structure that could to provide both opportunities and oppression (Ferree, 1999). Gender inequality can exist in different forms, depending on culture, region, religion and other factors.
What can be done to overcome prejudice towards Gender Equality? Gender equality entails protecting human rights, an economic necessity that allows women’s financial autonomy and national progress, and a country’s outlook on international relations. It affects childbirth rates, the quality of life and longevity of those children, and the type of life of the mother. The struggle is so vital to global stability and success that the United Nations (UN) addresses it in their sustainable development goals.
The preamble of the Universal Declaration of Rights clearly acknowledges the fact that all men are born free and equal. This was necessitated by the cruel treatments certain race/people that saw themselves as superior to other races either because of color, religion, social class, wealth, or ethnicity hence, the world was divided into several groups and certain people never saw themselves equal with others. This was clearly and vividly depicted in ancient societies and during the mediaeval ages. The believes of superiority paved way for slavery which can be traced back to the Greek society and other societies like Rome, Egypt and in Asia amongst others. This system moved down to the medieval period and not just was there slavery but these societies
More than seventy percent of poor in the world are women, while the number of females living in poverty has significantly and disproportionately increased as compared with men. Women also have unequal access to major economic resources like credit, capital, land and labor. Restricted opportunities for career advancement and employment are available for women. These limitations restrict the capabilities of women to improve their monetary and economic scenario. (Zinn, 2005) Women are not represented appropriately at all levels of governments’ decision making in community, but specifically at national and regional levels.
People often believe that “Feminism” is just a thing of the past and now unnecessary because the patriarchal system is no longer subsisting. Women already procured the rights, opportunities, breaks, shots and chances, but they still tussle many struggles. As it is maliciously misconstrued as a way to dominate men, it just shows how little people understand the term. In clarification, it is no synonym to female preeminence or domination, instead, it peacefully advocates women’s rights. Feminism is definitely not a gender issue, but it is a humankind issue.