Gender Inequality Literature Review

Throughout the time period that takes place within 혛혩혦혪혳 혌혺혦혴 혞혦혳혦 혞혢혵혤혩혪혯혨 혎혰혥, women are incessantly viewed as the weaker sex. From the very beginning, Nanny believes that Janie is too fragile to take care of herself, and therefore forces her to marry Logan Killicks. Moreover, in Janie 's marriages with both Logan and Joe, Janie is expected to believe that her self-worth depends on the men. This is shown when Logan tells her, "You ain 't got no particular place. It 's wherever Ah need yuh" (31), and when Joe remarks, "Somebody got to think for women... they sho don 't think none theirselves" (71). To both Logan and Joe, Janie should be nothing but an obedient piece of arm candy for them to order around when needed. They never let her make decisions for herself, because they feel that, since she is a woman, they have control over her. However, when Janie is with Tea Cake, she willingly works in the muck with the other men, finally disproving the believed stereotype that women are weak and gaining confidence for herself.

There are many concepts that underpin discrimination and many theories to draw from this paper will detail and explore the definitions, concepts, and theories such as Stereotyping, Social Identity Theory, and Conflict Theory which are all to the fore in prejudice and discrimination. It will seek to examine current research and suggest strategies based on best practice and evidence to combat discrimination and prejudice within organisations to allow for a healthy productive workforce.

Do you think gender issues are still a problem in modern America? As we’ve had many technological advancements has our views for civilizations remained the same? Previously in America’s society one’s gender played an important role in their life. Whereas if you were born female then you typically would stay home to cook, clean, and breed children. While males being the providers, they typically went out to hunt and “bring home the bacon.” “Today gender roles in our society have changed considerably in recent decades: there are more women in the workforce, many doing jobs held exclusively or primarily by men, and a growing number of men who choose to stay home with the kids while their partner works outside the home.” (639) Although we’re transitioning away from the stereotypical view of gender roles many issues still exist, such as women to earn less than males from the workforce. But

This essay expresses the opinion of Tara Siegel Bernard on behalf of the existence of the gender pay gap and focuses on it being a primary issue in the workplaces of major companies. The essay goes on to discuss how our society expects women and men to both behave in particular ways and how that idea has contributed to the ever present pay gap, such as how “. . . the imbalance often traces back to women being hired at a lower salary than their male peers” and “. . . women are less inclined to ask for raises. . .” Pointing out the possible reasons for the gender pay gap helps to establish the need for companies and our country’s leaders to find solutions. Bernard also focuses on the number of women in top or executive positions, which

Women make up more than half of the expert and specialized workforce in the United States. While the status for ladies in the workforce has enhanced in the course of the most recent quite a few years, numerous ladies still battle for equality in numerous occupations. Women are acquiring post-secondary degrees at a faster rate than men yet a wage gap perseveres. Some part of the wage gap may come about because of choices women make, individual occupation inclination, or financial circumstances. In any case, numerous still face unmistakable or unobtrusive business segregation, adding to proceeded with inequality. But there is not an issue with female accomplishment. The issue enters in when youthful grown-ups attempt to adjust work and family,

“Anything you can do, I can do better. I can do anything, better than you”, in ‘Annie Get Your Gun’ sang by Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton, is one of the many examples of the constant battle between the sexes. In the past century, women in the United States have come a long way from separating themselves from the systematic gender norms that were generally believed by society. Prior to the women’s liberation movement , women were thought to be inferior and subordinate to men – that they were considered to be less than a man in regards of physical strength, intellectuality, and virtually all other aspects of life that did not confine them to their gender roles. In some respects, this view of women still exist today; however, considering the

However, this does not show any sign of sex discrimination as there are other factors that are not being considered while making such strong assumptions. Firstly, the most important factor, occupational segregation. Over 40% of women enter professions like nursing, teaching, health service etc. These occupations pay less compared to other occupations. Only 15% of men work in these occupations. The top five woman-heavy majors were family and consumer sciences/human sciences (88% female); library science (87%); health professions and related programs (85%); public administration and social service professions (82%); and education (80%).(Furchtgott-Roth, 2014) Secondly, the numbers of working hours that both men and women work are different. On an average, women work for relatively lesser number of hours compared to men. Statistics show that men and women who work more than 40 hours a week, women make 88 cents for every dollar men earn. But for men and women who work for 30 to 35 hours a week, the pay gap is actually negative, i.e. women make 1.09 dollars for every dollar men earn. Does that still mean that the wage gap is a result of sex

A woman work place is stereotypical nurturing and caring such as a nurse, teacher and counselor. Although a women’s first workplace is home, as the homemaker that cooks and cleans the house and take care of the children. Besides being the homemaker a women can have a job but is thought as the second shift. The second shift is a wife and mother that takes care of the housework and aside has a paying job that is at least 40 hours a week. This explains that women are able to balance the priority of the family at home and expectations from work. (Zhao, 2011, p. 725) Through the second shift has based most families on a duel income that has helped families have a more stable income but can be still affected when women today are getting paid less than men who are doing the exact job with the same experience. From a workplace to a household it shows women today in American does have differences from a man workplace and household

Sex segregation has diminished, especially when comparing 1990s data to pre-1970 levels; however, studies showed that the rate of reduction has either reduced or stalled since the 1990s. At work, sex segregation refers to the tendency of women and men to work in different jobs that are sex-typed. Hegewisch, Phil, Liepmann, Hayes, and Hartmann (2010) presented the original data analyses of trends in occupational segregation from the 1970s to the 1990s. Findings indicated that while there had been improvements in the gender segregation of men and women across occupations from the 1970s to the 1980s, progress had since then stalled since the late 1990s. Particularly affected were occupations that required at least a four-year college degree and those with low educational attainment levels.

The WMW began to see globalization as an opportunity to scale up their advocacy agenda to target multilateral political institutions such as the United Nations, IMF and World Bank. Globalization has indeed provided a platform where movements and CSOs have an advantage of influencing states at global level. However most movements and especially the WMW did not recognize this trend until much later on in the early 2000s. Gradually the movement began to adopt politics of scale where national political authorities were assigning to international institutions the responsibility for issues defined as global, such as trade, human right and their impacts in terms of poverty (Dufour & Giraud, 2007). I agree that with globalization created opportunities

Sexism towards women in the workplace also known as occupational sexism is one of the oldest form of discrimination against women. Despite increasing campaigns on gender equality and feminist movements worldwide, working women continue to fight for equality especially in white-collar setings. Though there has been profound progress through the years, working women continue to face more challenges as compared to men both in the western as well as developing countries. Studies now show that the Equal Pay Act passed in the United States in 1963 to abolish gender based salary differences is not being enforced as women continue to earn less than their male counterparts in the same field (Campos,2015). Moreover,black women have to struggle with diversity on top of inequality. The situation is worse in developing countries where progress is impeded by cultural beliefs and practices regarding women where they are asscociated more with domestic chores for example. Even with more women taking up roles in leadership, business and politics today, many more continue to face dicrimination during hiring and promotions as well as salary disparities.

The fact also arises that women not only suffer from lack of recognition for the work they do in households but also for their work in their jobs. Women work as much as men, if not more. When both paid and unpaid work such as household chores and caring for children are taken into consideration, women work longer hours than men—an average of 30 minutes a day longer in developed countries and 50 minutes in developing countries. This is known as second shift, where women not only work at their jobs but also come back home and complete their household chores. However their contribution remains minimum due to unequal wage pay and lack of consideration given to household chores. Gender Inequality decreases the average of human capital because the

World has truly turned into a global village, owing to the advancement of technology, means of transportation and rapid growth of media. Now people either move to different countries more frequently or work collaboratively in different parts of world by using the modern communication tools. This situation leads to a scenario where multiculturalism can be observed in every aspect of life, whether it’s in educational institutions or in workplaces. One may say that this is a positive thing as it adds diversity to work and develops better understanding between people of different cultures but it also arises some problems when it comes to the conflicting points of interacting cultures.

Many changes in the industries and workplaces have changed and affected the work and personal lives. These changes have risen in recent years as a result of large numbers of working people and the entry of more women in the labor force.

Each society possesses distinctive culture that varies from each other, yet has commonalities, as well. Patriarchy long has been one of such common features, and is still so in many states. It is the male, especially fathers, rule, while the opposite gender is expected to be submissive (Sultana, 2010). Over time, the level of patriarchy has mitigated, especially following the women feminist movements, exclusively in the West, and the situation of gender equality has improved (Evelyn and Adedayo, 2014). It is essential to convey these western ideas everywhere, as they are most humanist and just, so far. So, the issue is whether the spread of those ideas by globalization has improved the gender equality. Whether the globalization influences the gender equality, in what direction the change happens, and how the globalization affects the gender equality on employment are the main subjects to review for the purpose of ensuring the relationship between the variables. The literature used for the review covers different regions, yet the majority are the case studies from the developing states, where the gender equality has been worse.