Let us not forget that gender is something that is so embedded in our social institutions, actions, beliefs and our desires that it appears to us to be completely natural. Research has shown that gender power inequality in relationships and intimate partner violence places women at a high risk of HIV infection especially in the African continent. Men’s behaviors tend to show high violent and sexual risky behaviors. Raewyn Connell’s notion states the hegemonic masculinity and reflections on emphasized femininities to argue that these sexual, and male violent, practices are rooted in cultural ideals of gender identities. In our country gender identities show diversity, the dominant ideal of black African manhood emphasizes toughness, strength …show more content…
We argue that the goals of HIV prevention and optimizing of care can best be achieved through change in gender identities, rather than through a focus on individual sexual behaviors. In countries in the sub-Saharan Africa with a predominantly heterosexual HIV epidemic, the prevalence in women is sky rocketing in the late teens, which is five years before this occurs to men. Understanding the difference between women and men is critical in the prevention of HIV. Gender differences in sexual socialization is more important in influencing who women and men partner with and when and under what circumstances. There are differences in men and women and how they position themselves and in the way the act as social being, i.e. differences in socially defines and constructed ways of being a man or woman. It is gender that influences more than sex in behavior, gender differences take many different forms in different setting, there is large evidence in the gender of power inequality in relationships, is sometimes the cause of intimate partner violence which places women at enhanced risk of HIV …show more content…
In effort to try and explain why the partner violence and relationship gender power inequity places women more at risk for HIV infection, research has been done with men , it has shown that men in South Africa who have been physically violent towards their other halves( partners) are more likely to be infected with the HIV virus which puts their partners at risk because some men don’t share their status with the women in their lives because of fear of rejection but continue to put them at risk by not condomising with them. In conclusion women are seen to have to be more feminine and always please men and that is why they are always the ones at risk because the gender inequality in the country gives the men power to do what they want and women should always except and be submissive to that especially in black
When we talk about masculinity in America today we theorize that violence that happens more often than we like, from mass shootings or crime in general, including rape and murders in the real world and in the virtual thrill world of videogames and movies we find a parallel connection of masculinity as violent. Even though an overwhelming majority of violence is committed by men and boys we as americans rarely connect gender as a major key in violence. But when we lay out the plane lines about culture of violence were almost always hinting that it is a masculine trait that is a taught behavior. The modern society has conjured up the idea of the ideal man, that showing emotions is wrong but one must be charming, seeming smartish but more of an attitude of control showing that manhood has a hierarchy. Weakening the not so tough guy, society giving them labels to show they are outside of the gender binary.
And what are the potential consequences of remaining the same? If South Africa (as well as the rest of the world) doesn't make a change soon in terms of gender inequality, the widespread gender violence will become an uncontrollable pandemic. Raselekoane et al. emphasizes that stories of "women and girls being beaten and battered, butchered, hacked, shot dead, raped, burnt alive or being emotionally abused by men abound" (1). When I was still living in South Africa, around May 2017, there was a series of murders of young women (including schoolgirls) around the area that I lived and almost every woman I knew lived in fear.
In the reading by Peter Redman, he raises the argument that the ‘AIDS carrier” becomes the central representation of the HIV epidemic and how the representations of HIV cannot be narrowed down to one cause. In addition, the ‘AIDS carrier’ is represented as monster and the carrier spreads HIV from the deviant subpopulations to the mainstream. Also, AIDS has been connected to social and moral issues and singles out groups like gay men, black people, and young single women. These groups are then viewed as diseased subpopulations and that causes others to feel disgust and panic. The heterosexual men are then afraid to have physical or emotional contact with men in general and that’s why boundaries of heterosexual masculinity were produced.
And in Africa, it seems, we are back to the days before the emergence of civilization. If you want to live you have to fight for it; you have to kill animals if you want any nourishment. And if you want to attract the opposite sex as a male, you have to show courage. And this is where Francis Macomber fails.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was still widely believed only minorities (including homosexuals and people of color) could be infected with the AIDS virus. Elizabeth Glaser makes it clear that race and sexuality have nothing to do with your risk of contracting AIDS. She also addresses the reality of America unfair against these minorities: “poor people, gay people, people of color”. Glaser uses parallel structure to emphasize that minorities are highly discriminated against in society and it needs to change. It also adds to the overall message that everyone is at risk for AIDS.
In Uganda, the AIDS crisis has taken a toll on men’s view of masculinity because it is challenging their ideals of work, authority, and sexuality that they have always known. In America, different kinds of men have reacted differently to the changing ways that women are rising, some of them are good reactions while others are not. This changing ideal that is shaping the idea of femininity is also bringing men to become unsettled with their
These other factors have been shown to contribute just as much to the sex difference in behaviour such as social and environmental explanations (Weissman,
Examine how intersectionality is being recognised as a valuable normative and research paradigm for furthering understandings of the complexity of gender heath inequities in Africa Intersectionality describes ways in which certain social identities such as race, ethnicity, gender and class affects an individual’s experience. These same categories are used to reflect systems of oppression and privilege. Intersectionality provides the context for understanding that people’s health cuts across many lived experiences (Bowleg, 2012). Much of public health however does not acknowledge health differences as they speak on each identity independently. Because the term women and minorities has become the centre in public health discourse and research,
In simplifying the meaning of culture, we can easily describe it as the way people live their lives. Culture consists of different elements which help to group people into specific cultural groups. These elements include values, beliefs, customs, language, rituals, art and the way people dress. With regards to these elements each culture is different (Malik, 1996). I belong to the Cape Coloured culture and even though the Cape Coloured culture is used to generally classify coloured people, not everyone in the Cape Coloured culture has the same system of values, beliefs, customs, rituals and so forth.
Most often, societies generate expected social roles that are inflicted upon the people, and are passed on through generations. “Nervous conditions” by Tsitsi Dangarembga is a representation of those societies. The construction of social roles and gender in Rhodesia are based on ideology. The Patriarchal system expects all women to be the same, to dress the same, to be universal and natural, as well as inferior to all men. The men are expected to be dominant and educated.
involved being able to one day be able to pay Lobola, reaffirming their role as father, as well as not being influenced by peer pressure where faithfulness or care is considered as non-hegemonic (Hosegood and Madhavan, 2012). In essence Enderstein and Boonzaier’s (2012) research, showed the power fatherhood has to redefine and shape masculinities in young men, and this research hopes to expand on this, exploring a new aspect of masculinity and fatherhood as opposing yet coinciding aspects of what it means to be a man in south Africa today. Research Aims and Rationale This research is based on men, masculinity and fatherhood, aiming to examine the effects and relationship between masculinity and fatherhood practices in South Africa, where its
Sexual Identity In “Gender Socialization and Identity Theory” by Michael J. Carter, he asserts gender identity originates with the family. The writer maintains that families are the agents of identity socialization. Carter argues that beginning with infancy children are taught how they are expected to socialize primarily by their families, simply due to the continuous contact with one another, boys are dressed in blue while girls are dressed in pink. The author plainly elucidates children gain knowledge of homophily through playmates by self-segregation into homogeneous groups.
Gender is something you are born with and is socially constructed. It tells what a man or woman should look like and behave and how someone present him/herself to the world. Whereas, third gender or transgender is an intersecting identity where they feel they are not themselves and choose to change their identity eventually. Similar to transgender, transvestite is someone who likes to cross dress with no physical changes undergoing. One direct translation of one’s identity is through the undergarment.
Gender is the attitudes, feelings, and behaviours that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. Behaviour that is compatible with cultural expectations is referred to as gender-normative; behaviours that are viewed as incompatible with these expectations constitute gender non-conformity. Gender identity is “one’s sense of oneself as male, female or transgender” (American Psychological Association, 2006). Bravo-Baumann (2000) defined gender as a way in which a culture or society defines rights, responsibilities, and the identities of men and women in relation to one another. Gender necessitate that health policy, programmes, services and delivery models are responsive to the needs of women, men, girls and boys in all their
Gender and sex According to Jones (1991:345) both sex and gender affect health. Sex refers to, were as to gender refers to social categorization of masculine and feminine and to the several expectations regarding masculinity and femininity that we are supposed to follow based on our assigned sex (Bird and Rieker, 2008: 358). Based on simple display of epidemiological data, there is a great explanation that sex and gender are also socio-structural factors that also affect health. It has been stated that individuals that are classified as females within a society tend to live for a long period when compared to men.