Gentrification In American Literature

Throughout this section, Toll addresses Washington’s approach to this ideology as well how other people criticized his work. The third section revolves around the ideology of cultural revitalization. More specifically, Toll discusses W.E.B. DuBois’ belief that the prejudices from white people were not as important to the relationship between races. Instead the most important part was the revitalization of the black community and being able to associate the community with being dignified (312).

Entry 5 “Here are some typical comments by students and observations by fieldworkers. Black sophomore: ‘Tonya Johnson said the white people and the black people were very segregated and formed their own little groups… Courtyard No. 1 is mainly white people and Courtyard No. 2 is mainly black people.’ She said, ‘Black people don’t think they are too good to hang out with white people.’ She said she doesn’t understand why there is so much segregation because ‘everyone should be treated the same.’” (pgs 102- 103) This passage depicts how racial segregation is still present today. Segregation refers to the enforced separation of groups within an establishment, in this case the groups being the blacks and whites, and the setting being the courtyards within the high school.

They analyzed the portrayal of non-dominate groups in American media and arts of the past two centuries. These authors coined the concepts that will follow; racial offensive portrayals, which remained not familiar at the time of conception, as the race that is socially constructed belongs to the prevailing narrative, race is subject to alteration as well, when basically it is only socially constructed. This alteration appears slowly and at a very gradual pace, in a path, where the race reform hand in hand with the narrative pathway. Furthermore, Delgado and Stefanic (1992: 218) also state that racist representation only turn out to be obvious in retrospection, to allow people to notice the transformation between the past and the present, looking at new mechanism of media or art as obviously less racist norms and by those norms, considering the previous mechanism as more racist. The leading group, which manufactures this racist narrative, aims at sustaining its power, dominance, and superiority.

This really shows how Apartheid didn’t just affect the black South Africans but also the white South Africans who are now feeling ‘attacked’, political parties use skin color as the basis to attack others, those who are being attacked are the black South Africans. Skin color also creates a divide in employment rates. According to The Global Education Magazine there is a big problem with labor rates, especially with the black South Africans. 36.8% of the black South African population between the ages of 15 and 64 employed whereas the white South Africans have 63.2% of their population employed (South). Decisions and ideas based on skin color and racism is another problem that is preventing South Africa from achieving Nelson Mandela’s

Starting in the late 18th century, the process of naturalization and racial equality has plagued America. In 1790 congress decided to extend citizenship only to free whites in the Naturalization Act of 1790. That standard changed after the War when citizenship was also granted to people of African descent but that change did not mean equal treatment or equal rights. Although blacks and minorities were indeed citizens, they were stripped of many basic rights and privileges such as unhindered ability to vote, access to facilities, restaurants and businesses, and housing. Black codes, passed in 1866, restricted African Americans’ economic potential by ensuring that blacks remained a cheap labor force.

Moreover, it is a celebration led to a natural blending of two cultures through the enjoyment of the others tradition. Nonetheless, the working class polyculturalism was discouraged through both segregation and determent of shared commonalities Another example was the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) which tried forging polyculturalism through their political fight for fair wages. Whereas, their goal was “not to organize the workers,” but to gain their own political leverage to protest the lowering of their wages (Prashad, 84). Which later led to “multiethnic politics” between the TWA and the Universal Negro Improvement

The laws forced different racial groups to live separately and develop separately, in grossly unequal conditions. Apartheid was unique in that it made the social culture of racial segregation in South Africa more enforced than it already was through legislation when the Afrikaner Nationalist Party came to power in 1948. Anti-Apartheid movements in the late 1950’s and early 1960s took many forms domestically and to an extent internationally. In 1959, a boycott campaign started by exiled South African anti-Apartheid activists took place in England with aim of influencing and not overthrowing the South African government through sanctions of South African goods. However, an otherwise peaceful tactic towards reform was transformed by the shootings at Sharpeville, a police led massacre of peaceful protesters killing 69 and wounding 181.

Although "Let America be America again" is undisputedly a protest against the social and economic conditions of that time, it is certainly not as radical as his works at the beginning of the 1930s. Hughes hopes to reach equality for the African-American people aswell as all other disadvantaged US citizens

In the 1950’s most neighborhood were heavily segregated, and it would not be until many years later that his would change. In fact whites tried to keep it like that to prevent Blacks prevails in the changing economy. As explained in the article “Racial Segregation: 1950s and Today’’ by Raeshma Bedi, “Racial segregation in housing prevented blacks from moving into white neighborhoods and that directly affected employment opportunities, economic status and health outcomes of African Americans”. In order to preserve this segregation, the Whites would make threats, harm, or intice the pondering families with money in order to preserve their communities. As seen when Karl Linder attempts to buy out the Younger family in the story.

It takes the form of various guises, however with a similar intent each time. To elaborate, Baldwin makes a hauntingly accurate statement in regards to the influence of historic events: “People are trapped in history and history is trapped in them.” As one comes to wonder how the burdens of racial inequality appear slow to evolve permanent solutions (that have the quantity to reeducate the oppressive and free the oppressed), we might remember the tendencies of human nature in reference to past neglects. In short, the reason the African American citizen continues to feel such a slow growth of embellishment, is due to the archival power instilled, by European, and now American, culture. The dominance and simplicity of the white community fails to acknowledge the perverse nature of their ancestors by, firstly, stripping the African American of a concretely identified lineage. What Baldwin suggests— that the American Negro’s baptism was reshaped by European intrusion— adds further point to the indication: “The most illiterate among them is related, in a way I am not, to Dante, Shakespeare, Michelangelo, etc….” Even though African culture was not ‘lost,’ so to speak, the idea of cherishing origins in a similar fashion appeared dismantled: “… there are Haitians able to trace their ancestry back to African Kings, but any American Negro wishing to go back so far will find his journey through time abruptly arrested by the