Girder Bridges: A Structural Analysis

Concrete materials are still a dominant material for construction due to its advantages suchas workability, low cost and fire resistance as well as its low maintenance cost. It is formed from a hardened mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and some admixture. Massive exploration of the natural resources for producing concrete affect to the environment condition and global warning. We have responsibility to reduce the effect of the application of concrete materials to environmental impact. The concrete should be used as efficient as possible.

Both sides of the bridge are on reclaimed land and foundations are large diameter bored piles to bedrock. Components in the Stonecutters Bridge: The corrosion resistance of these steels is provided by the alloying element chromium; improved resistance is provided by the addition of 2 to 3% of molybdenum. Deck Steel was used on the deck of the main span. It is a twin-box girder arrangement. The box section deck provides convenient anchorages and has significant torsional properties.

The load exerted on the beams will be caused by; the load from the self weight caused by the deck, loads resulted to by the live loads, weight exerted due to car skidding as well as effect of braking and horizontal loads as a result of temperature and movements such as wind. Due to this reason, the beam should be strong enough to carry the load. The design shape of the beam will be as shown below. There are a number of forces that will act on the beams and the bridge thus the beams should be constructed in a way they will be able to

Study of deformable bodies will help researchers integrate the set parameters in a pontoon bridge to designing the pontoon bridge. Experiments can be done to acquire “strength” of materials. The objective of this stage is to specifically acquire strength, stiffness, and stability of a body. The experiment must be designed to help the researcher understand the reaction of a pontoon bridge’s strength, stiffness, and body stability to certain external loads and projective external loads. Projective external loads are assumed to be the maximum external forces that can occur in the pontoon bridge.

In and around Pittsburgh, various pillars and materials are used to support structures. The type of pillar to be used depends on a number of issues, such as the structure to be put up and the period such a structure is to exist. For houses, for instance, engineers tend to use thick round pillars, filled with concrete to give the structure in question the support it needs. The cross-section depends on the width and height of the building, plus its intended purpose. Materials used in such pillars include cement and sand.

• Prestressed concrete is a modern material in which the stresses resulting from external loads are counteracted to a desired degree by introducing internal stresses of a suitable magnitude. • In reinforced concrete members, the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement. • The apparent tensile strength of a material like concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in tension, is increased by application of permanent compressive stresses. • ¬¬¬¬Once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the features of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces and high-strength concrete when subjected to any compression forces. The tensile strength of the material increases because the subsequent application of tensile stress must nullify the compressive prestress.

Portland cement mixed with sand, gravel and water, a process called hydration, is how concrete is created. Crushed stone aggregate fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engi-neering properties. Different concretes require different degrees of durability de-pending on the exposure environment and properties desired. For example, concrete exposed to tidal seawater will have different requirements than an indoor concrete floor.

The building itself is constructed with a wide array of structural elements. These include beams, columns and slabs on each level as well as shear walls to take on horizontal loads. As there is very low risk of earthquake in Victoria, these horizontal loads are mostly due to wind. The building also contains bracing to support beams as well beams of varying sizes and cross-sectional shapes to transfer loads over Building

Physically, Poly (ether sulphone) appears as a semitransparent material (with transparency in the range of 76%) on account of its being amorphous. Being amorphous also gives it a higher dimensional stability as it does not shrink too much upon cooling. Poly (ether sulphone) is highly resistant to attack my chemical agents including but not limited to alkalis, acids and various concentrated electrolytes. Poly (ether sulphone) is stable under the pH range of 2 – 14. In addition, Poly (ether sulphone) is stable in oxidizing agents and various non-polar solvents.

This significant reduction in base shear provides the engineer with the ability to eliminate the ductility demand and hence damage to the structural system. 2.The ability of a relatively stiff building to move as a rigid body above the isolators with little or no amplification of forces above the isolators. A fixed base building will amplify the ground accelerations by a factor of 2.5 to 4 at the roof depending on the structural system. When comparing the forces at the roof, a base isolated building will provide a factor of 8 to 12 reduction in the forces compared to the fixed base building. An example of this was the two 6 storey reinforced concrete buildings in the 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake discussed above.

Another element is the elliptical columns contributing to the safety giving max compression strength. These columns are based on equilibrium confining pressures, which make them very strong and stable. As a dead load, this is purely just the weight of the steel and concrete member to hold up second floor and walkway through the middle of the ASB centre (its main support for the middle). The integration of the ASB structural system compliments architectural design through the functions and how it is fit for purpose, but not only that, the aesthetics of the whole place. With the spread of structural systems and the trusses and columns, contribute to its spatial atmosphere to help create an open feel/look.

It requires lots of time and is labour-intensive. It contains a mixture of sand, cement, crushed rock, pebbles, and water. The main ingredient in concrete paving is, however, cement. As such, it can be used in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and wood. Further, by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the exposed aggregate concrete form.