The amount of Genetically Modified Organisms and the number of varieties of the
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), keep increasing continuously as the science leads towards for the betterment of the humankind and nature. The quantification of the GMO become an ultimate necessity as the usage and environmental release of the Genetically Modified
Organisms has become a great concern of the society. The social concern on the GMO fall into three major types, a portion of society admirers the advances of genetics and support the advancement and another portion appears to counteract on it,1 and is willing to pay more to avoid GM food.2 while the remainder is unaware or neutral on GMO.
A GMO is an organism which the genetic material or the genome
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It is done in a way that doesn’t occur by any natural process but by application of molecular biological and biochemical knowledge and technology.
Currently, the GM plants are in the most global importance.
The correct information should be provided on the Genetically Modified Organisms content during the marketing of the GMO and GM products. Therefore, the labelling and informative requirements have been set by certain governments and certain authorities in order to facilitate the global cultivation and international trading of the GMO and GM products.
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In order to achieve a better comparison, an additional sample is assayed by using different quantification methods.
Different varieties of the GMOs are available and more mutations may occur in the inserted sequence during crossing. The selection of the taxon-specific target, requires extensive knowledge on the genetic structure of the taxon and closely related taxon, as it should differentiate the interested taxon from related taxon, and also fulfil certain other requirements.
As different measurement units are being used by different laboratories, harmonization of methods is required. These are some of major challenges in the qPCR approach.
As the amount of different GMOs are rapidly progressing, the necessity to look for new strategies arises. As a result, new statistical strategies, development of the digital PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) for the GMO quantification purposes appears to become best solutions and also a challenge for the future. DNA microarray, multiplex PCR methods,5 and capillary gel electrophoresis provide some solutions for some problems. The DNA microarray enables the detection of multiple targets in a single platform. The multiplex PCR expands
However, GMO's are controversial because chemicals are used to alter the genetic information of a crop. Those chemicals can increase the risk for certain illnesses, such as diabetes and cancer. GMO's are meant to be the perfect organism, however many factors can go wrong with so much genetic modification since its going against nature (Food Policy Institute 2003). The process of how GMO's are created is through the help of gene transfer technology. The desired gene from another organism is placed in the other organisms genome
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. Genetically modifying an organism involves inserting genes from
Genetically modified food, usually short written as GM food, is food which composed by artificial modified DNA, like insert genes from another organism. GM food is not newly introduced technology, the first scientist discovered genes can be transfer between organism was in 1946, the first genetically modified products first appeared in 1983. However, debates over the topic has never stopped. Some people hold positive view towards GM food, think that it can improve our world.
Genetic modification is the alteration of an organism's genes to acquire desired characteristics (Kracht para 1). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are in over 70% of products produced in the United States, especially since most contain traces of corn, soybean, rice or canola, which are some of the popularly grown genetically modified crops. (Steinhauer and Strom para 20). Currently, companies are not required to label GMO-containing products, however, some people are pushing to make it a requirement (para 3). Products containing GMOs should not be labeled because products manufactured in the United States have been modified in one way or another, therefore, the FDA should not require GMO labeling.
Among the transnational corporations, which spend millions on the production of genetically modified ingredients, is the Dow Chemical company, Aventis, Monsanto, Johnson & Johnson and DuPont. The distribution of genetically modified products occurs mostly in developing countries or underdeveloped countries. Some countries still have strong disagreements on GMO products. Since 2002, according to the decision of the European Union, the European countries have established standards for marking and tracking capability for food products genetically modified.
For years, the health and safety of genetically modified foods have been debated and researched by scientists, but the question still stands: should genetically modified foods be allowed for consumption? The process of genetic modification involves inserting a gene from bacteria or a virus into an organism where it would normally not be found. The purpose is to alter the genetic code in plants and animals to make them more productive or resistant to pests or farming techniques. Genetically modified organisms, more commonly known as GMOs, have been a controversial topic of debate for a number of reasons. The ethics behind genetically modified foods come into question due to an abundance of short and long-term effects from the process, many of which are still unknown today.
What do a tomato, soybean and a french fry have in common? They are all some of the most commonly genetically modified foods sold on the market today. By using the genetic information from one organism, and inserting or modifying it into another organism, scientists can make food crops stay fresher, grow bigger, and have the crops create their own pesticides. Nevertheless, the technology to modify genes has surpassed its practicality. Genetically modified foods need to be removed from everyday agriculture because of the threat they pose to human health, the environment, and the impact on global economy.
The Perversion of Nature In modern day, families across the globe consume potentially harmful genetically modified products, with little to no knowledge of the effects they may have on a person's health (Bailey 4). The uninformed society will then go on to pass down the negative affects of these GMOs to children and pets (Bailey 1). Society relies on cheap, yet damaging, “frankenfood” leading corporations have created (Cummins 1). Poor regulation and greed of mankind has brought upon a devastating future for posterity (Cummins 2).
Some experts claim that GMOs can solve the world 's hunger problem, however, it is not a black and white question, meaning that it is not a simple question to answer and people have different opinions on whether it is positive or negative for our country. A GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. The foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. This can cause problems, that can be extremely dangerous, nevertheless, it can help plants protect themselves from certain diseases or animals.
Labeling GMOs The labeling of GMO food is pure common sense, and we should have that information just like we have calorie count. Genetically modified foods are increasingly controversial as they become more widespread. The U.S. manufactures more genetically modified (GM) foods than any other country (Streker). Sixty-one countries, including most developed countries, require labeling of genetically modified foods except for the United States (Burgaard).
Figure 1 gives the overall protocol for the testing of GMOs. This is based on a PCR detection system specific for 35S promoter region originating from cauliflower mosaic virus (Deisingh and Badrie 2005). The development of quantitative detection systems such as quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR), real-time PCR and ELISA systems resulted in the advantage of survival of DNA in most manufacturing processes. Otherwise with ELISA, there can be protein denaturing during food processing. Inter-laboratory differences were found to be less with the QC-PCR than with quantitative PCR probably due to insufficient homogenisation of the sample.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method of replicating a specific section of DNA for analysis. In this process the DNA is denatured with heat at 94°C which separates the strands and allows for a primer to be annealed to the strand once the temperature cools to 58°C. Primers are molecules that target specific DNA sequences. dNTPs is then synthesized to the DNA strand by Taq polymerase once the solution is heated to 72°C to extend the
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have undergone a process of altering the structure and nature of genes in organisms. This is done using techniques like molecular cloning and transformation. GMOs were originally created to change the nutritional value of foods
GMO crops are those whose genes have been artificially altered to modify their characteristics in some way or another (Health and Safety Executive, n.d). GMO crops provide a solution to the challenges faced in the Agricultural sector in Africa which lead to low crop productivity. Firstly, genetic mutation of foods leads to increased food production and more resilient and healthy crops. They are engineered to be
Furthermore, 19 countries within Europe including Germany and France have voted to prohibit the cultivation of such crops (Bonny) further hindering the development of our knowledge of GMOs, reducing its practicality and robustness. The disagreement throughout Europe discourages the production and development of such crops, which can increase yields and improve nutritional