Goat Production Essay

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of the Literature Review

Malaysia is one of the highest population of goats in Southeast Asia, behind Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam, with about 508000 animals (FAOSTAT, 2013), which are evenly distributed in their geopolitical zones. Malaysia agricultural sector contributed 9% to the Gross Domestic Product in the year 2009, with livestock Subsector contributed 27% to Agrofood production (Jamaluddin, 2012). The annual growth of the livestock industry shows 5.4% annually (2000–2009) (Jamaluddin, 2012). Despite the population of the farmers involved in the livestock sector was 201,888 in the year 2009 (Jamaluddin, 2012), thus, the production is relatively low. According to Jamaluddin (2012) the

However, to achieve the target, a number of exotic goat breeds have been imported and bred locally to fulfil the demand of the industry (Ariff et al., 2010) although a systematic breeding program has not currently been applied. Moreover, the dairy industry must focus on improving production capacity, improving the quality of domestic milk supplies (Chye et al., 2004) and develop a consumer-focused value chain (Boniface et al., 2010). In spite of the fact that, the Malaysian government focus on increasing self-sufficiency by growing domestic dairy production through large-scale commercial farming and value-adding processes (Warr et al.,

The universal procedure of estrus synchronisation in small ruminants is based on progestagen/progesterone treatment in the form of CIDR/sponges intravaginal device (Abecia et al., 2011). The most widespread methods of estrus synchronization used in goats involve progesterone/progestagen delivered by the means of intravaginal sponge, a CIDR or a subcutaneous implant (Evans and Maxwell, 1987; Ritar et al., 1989; Freitas et al., 1997). However, it was reported that progesterone intravaginal devices can be reused in cows (Colazo et al., 2004), ewes (Ungerfeld, 2009) and goats (Oliveira et al., 2001; Carvalho et al., 2006; Vilari˜no et al., 2011), normally without altering the fertility rate. Similarly, expressing estrus cycle in goats receiving new or reused CIDR manifest alike estrous response and pregnancy rates with second (Oliveira et al., 2001) or third uses (Nogueira et al., 2008). Moreover, Carvalho et al. (2006) cited the possibility of re-using the devices three times in anestrus