CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This study investigates the beliefs of second language / L2 teachers about grammar teaching. It explored the influence of the school settings and classroom practices on these beliefs and practices and vice versa. This chapter consists of a brief overview of the teachers’ beliefs, grammar teaching and various features and methodologies of teaching grammar in the classroom. The researcher discuses different views, assumption and speculations about the grammar and its role in the major language teaching methods. It will develop an understanding of how and in what ways the views about grammar and grammar teaching assist to shape beliefs about teaching grammar.
2.2 Teachers’ Beliefs
Raths and McAninch
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Beliefs presented a person’s personal knowledge, which are shaped from the experience acquired by cultural transmission and implicit theories that guide actions (Pajares, 1992). According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995) is defined as “it is the procedure of attaining knowledge over a period time by seeing and doing things rather than by studying”. Brog, (2003) distinguishes sixteen terms which are part of language teacher beliefs. He states that beliefs can be conscious and unconscious impact on the teacher practices and actions. The thoughts of human beings and their activities are according to their nature that are arranged in the light of the facts that how individuals see and how they think about their actions. Beliefs are influenced by social, cultural, and personal …show more content…
So individuals form their beliefs from childhood, that are the outcome of the education attained at schools or based on personal experiences (Johnson 1994). These beliefs are formed by education, earlier experiences and earlier knowledge, either as a learner or as a teacher. In other words, beliefs are based on how the teachers were taught and how they were learned. So beliefs may be developed on the basis of students’ needs. Teachers’ beliefs are derived from educational principles, teachers’ personalities and school practices. Beliefs about teaching, teachers’ beliefs are about students, the procedure of learning, nature of teaching, curriculum and the way of learning how to teach effectively. Teachers’ beliefs have impacted on lesson planning, maintaining the discipline in the classrooms, persuading the students. Richards (1996) claims that beliefs are the product of teachers' development and they reflect their experience of teaching and learning, their philosophies of teaching and learning, their teacher education experiences.
Beliefs are both intera- personal and interpersonal that are started from persons general speculations and background from they belong. So, social and cultural variables are involved in shaping their beliefs. Burns (1996) highlights three interconnected levels that are involved in shaping
Facts and beliefs are often misunderstood by people because sometimes facts can be seen as beliefs and vice versa. However, there is an easy way to differentiate between them. In order to determine whether a statement or a story is based upon facts, derive the true meaning in the story because facts tend on not to teach anything as they are just statements that describe what actually happened. So if it does teaches one how to act, encourages one, discourages one, or sets examples on how to live, it is probably a belief. Beliefs are different from one person to another and therefore if a statement or a story teaches and emphasizes instructions it is probably a belief.
Document 2 quotes Aristotle, another philosopher. He believed that a life guided by human reason was greater than any other. This is what makes all humans unique, the characteristics of human nature. These philosophers both felt that people should go by what they believe in. Today people make their own choices and create their own opinion in life.
Believe. I came to this word during lunch recess. It popped into my head as I saw this student trying to do trick shots. It was surprising at first to keep on seeing him try and try again until he succeeded. This was when believe popped into my head, and I decided that word would be my one little word.
To start off one of the characteristics of human nature is belief. This
These beliefs can shape collective behavior and mobilize individuals toward collective action. In the case of the New Orleans race riot, generalized beliefs played a significant role in fueling the conflict and violence. The riot erupted amidst deep-seated racial tensions and the presence of strong racial beliefs prevalent in the society at the time.
These factors include; authority figures, personal experiences, parents, books, revelation, and imagination. My belief is true due to the fact that it makes me understand things around me and gives me a sense of direction. Generally, the development of my personal belief is because of my life experiences as well as education. Most of the things I believe are right as I was taught by my parents. Also, teachers taught me lessons and through reading and interacting with friends even from an early age, I began to know how people are supposed to relate to each other.
“Human nature is like water. It takes shape of its container” is a quote beautifully worded by Wallace Stevens about the effect of human nature. Human nature would be the general characteristics that are shared by individuals of certain civilizations. The characteristics mainly consist of feelings, psychology, and behaviours. Although these characteristics may shape up a human being, there are many different many experiences an individual may go through which may result in disputes.
One of the most integral parts of cultural competency is the process of successfully becoming culturally competent. After synthesizing available research on the topic I have constructed four main steps in becoming culturally competent. Those include self-awareness, understanding various aspects of the culturally diverse population for whom you care for, practice evidence based medicine as it relates to culturally diverse populations and continuing education (Kodjo, 2009; Purnell, 2012). The first step includes becoming self aware of one’s own beliefs.
The two other theories are Fred Jones and Jacob Kounin. Kounin states his feeling of inadequacy in trying to help teachers, especially beginning ones, with problems of importance to them. Discipline is one problem frequently verbalized by teachers. However Jones says that the teacher must succeed in managing discipline and instruction. He also states that during the process of growth and change, training is the easy part of effective professional development.
In addition, the next psychological factors, beliefs. From doing and learning, people will also obtain beliefs and attitudes. Belief is a descriptive thought that a person has about something such as iPhone. For example, if we saw many people use Apple brand things such as iPhone, they will give their own opinion about iPhone. If the opinion is good, we will believe and also use iPhone.
A successful teacher is determined by their philosophy of education. Throughout many decades and eras, teachers have established their own philosophy in the education plans that they implement in their classrooms to make the students live up to their fullest potential. Marva Collins, a Chicagoan who was one of the most inspirational and influential teachers around, established her own philosophy of education that impacted children in such a tremendous way that she soon became famous for her style of teaching. Marva Collins view of education seems polarized compared to her fellow colleagues she used to work with, but that is what made her so successful in the education world. She believed that every student she encountered could be made successful,
We must be consciously considering our existence amongst other people and nature. Problem-posing education will only succeed if the teacher-student relationship is amended (Freire 323). That being said, teachers must realize that they can teach and be taught while the students can learn and teach through current
In this world, people each having their own belief systems, different viewpoints of reality. However, what they have in common is the being human. Due to the different belief systems and viewpoints of reality, the way people determine things right and wrong have different than others. Humans have in individual things, it like blue sky with thousand of different cloud. In different words, Human are have in concept, but feeling, thought, and action are unlike.
We had many class discussions that brought on a few arguments, however I was so interested to hear everyone’s ideas on grammar. My Pedagogical Grammar class helped me to see my views on grammar and how I wanted to teach my students. While the traditional method of teaching grammar is important,
While the students are viewed as empty vessels who receive knowledge form the teacher through teaching and direct