Greek Mythology Exam 1
Part 1: Defining Terms
1. Cosmology: Cosmology is the development or organization of the universe (Lecture Video, MLS 3). It is the opposite of chaos and was created in it.
2. Myth: A myth is a traditional story that is told within a culture and features divine or semi-divine beings and how they interact with humans (Lecture Video, MLS 2). An example of a myth is the story or Arachne and Athena, as it is a story featuring a divine being interacting with a human that was handed down within the culture.
3. Religion: Religion is the worship practices of a community (Lecture Video, MLS 2). It is how people show their devotion to their chosen god or gods and the practice of it includes things like prayers, sacrifices and
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Agon: A Greek term for conflict or competition. The Greeks believed that a competition was incomplete without violence, and that agon is necessary to maintain order in the cosmos, as it is the best way to determine the best cosmic ruler (Lecture Video, MLS 4). An example of agon is the conflict between Zeus and Cronos in Hesiod’s Theogony, where Zeus and Cronos are in a competition over who gets to be the leader of the cosmos.
10. Chaos: Chaos is the starting point of creation. It can be described as a void or a primordial mass from which order was born (MLS Glossary, 710).
Part 2: Iconography
1. Slide 1
a. Which god is this and who are his parents?
This is Poseidon, god of the sea, earthquakes and horses and son of Cronos and Rhea and god of the sea.
b. What piece of iconography identifies him as that god?
The fact that he’s depicted with a trident because it is used to represent Poseidon.
c. How do you know he is meant to be depicted as an adult male in charge?
He is in an aggressive, fighting stance and looks like he’s charging into battle.
2. Slide
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The Myth of Arachne tells the story of a battle of skill between Arachne, a mortal weaver, and Athena, the goddess of wisdom and crafts (The Myth of Arachne Video). Arachne serves as a lesson in hubris, with her toxic arrogance and pride resulting in her punishment of being turned into a spider. Using the Social Charter Myth Theory, Arachne’s story serves to ratify the social expectations of humbleness and respect for the gods. By both refusing to attribute her gift as a blessing from the gods and claiming to be better than everyone including Athena herself, Arachne is punished by the gods. Therefore, people should be humble and praise the gods, so they do not suffer the same fate as her.
In How the Camel got his Hump, Camel is punished with the hump on his back for refusing to help the other animals work, saying “humph” every time he’s asked (How the Camel got his Hump). The first social expectation being upheld by this myth is contribution to society by working. Horse, Dog and Ox all do the tasks they are expected to do and as a result are not punished by the Djinn, but Camel is because he refuses to contribute. The second lesson to be learnt is to not defy authority. When the Djinn told Camel to work, he warned Camel to not say “humph” again, and when he did, he was punished with the
One of the most prominent similarities between Hesiod’s creation and Christianity’s creation story is that they both claim the universe came out of chaos and darkness. Hesiod says that Chaos or rather a void came into being. The meaning of Chaos comes from the verb Cha’ein which means “to lie open”. It is interpreted as meaning openness, emptiness, and space.
Upon hearing this Uncle Al beings to laugh hysterically and proceeds to tell Jacob that “if I gave you a job on the show, you wouldn’t survive a week...now piss off” (Gruen 58). Despite Al’s attitude, Jacob is determined to get a job so he tells him that he went to vet school as his last home for getting a job. Because the circus doesn’t have a vet this catches Uncle Al’s attention and he gives him a job. He tells him that if he has one
Charges were filed yesterday by the Animal Defense League against a merchant by the name of Bob Jones who owns a local farm- and his stablehand. According to police reports, they are accused of strapping a donkey to a plow almost too heavy to be dragged by a bull and whipping it violently until it pulled the plow across the field. This abuse continued for several hours, until the donkey was practically on it’s deathbed. When asked, the merchant’s wife claims that he has always been a bit unwell. “It’s gotten especially bad in the past few weeks.
One famous myth about Athena that shows that she is competitive is the contest for the patronage of Athens, Greece. Within this myth, King Cecrops seeked to choose a patron god to bless his city, and was considering both Athena and Poseidon. Rivalry began between the two gods/goddesses and almost lead to great war, until finally Athena suggested that they should hold a contest to find who would patronize Athens. Guidelines for the contest were as follows, each god/goddess was to provide a gift to the city and the most beautiful but still useful would win and be deemed the official patron. When Poseidon heard this news, he immediately summoned all of his mighty power and created a spring to provide water to the city.
In the Greek creation story, there is nothing but chaos—an empty darkness. Out of chaos emerged Gaea (Earth), Eros (Love), and Tartaros. Gaea created Uranus (Heaven), and they birthed six sons (Coeus, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Oceanus)
Mythology is the collection of myths that denotes commonly cultural and religious beliefs of ancient human beings. The elements of it were usually the involvement of god, goddess and heroes. In addition, it was based on a man’s desire, beliefs and ideas. It also told the natural occurrence and its main purpose was to teach people moral lessons. One of the example of Greek mythology is the divine hero of ancient Greece his name was Heracles, but people knew him as Hercules.
In ancient cosmogonies, there are many different interpretations of the creation myth however, many agree that before everything chaos was the very first that came into being. Chaos is often depicted as the primordial state of the universe, preceding the creation of the world and the emergence of order. The concept of chaos is central to the creation myths of many cultures and is often seen as a powerful and mysterious force that is both destructive and generative. The role of chaos in ancient cosmogonies is often that of a primordial force, existing before the creation of the world. It is often seen as a formless and shapeless void, a state of confusion and disorder, from which the world emerges.
Only the intervention of another higher authority, goddess Athena, will put an end to this conflict. Two parties exist, and Athena could take the side of either one. She could fight off the vengeance gods or rally with them. Instead of this traditional resolution of conflict, Athena calls on the Athenians to judge Orestes.
The most important way to think about myths is that they are symbolic stories that attempt to answer difficult human questions about the universe. For instance, where did we and the world come from? And what is the meaning of life?. “We all want to know where we came from, but because our earliest beginnings are lost in the mists of prehistory, we have created myths about our forefathers that are not historical but help to explain current attitudes about our environment, neighbors and customs” (6). Myth functions as a guidance that explains everything that we come into contact with in the universe.
In the beginning, the earth was chaos. In the beginning, the earth was desolate. It was a wasteland. It was turmoil, pandemonium, disorder, madness, disarray. Chaos and
A myth is a false belief or idea. It is usually held within an old traditional story or it is a way to explain a natural or social phenomenon, typically involving supernatural creatures or events. Myths are stories of transformation. Many people are surprised to learn that ancient myth was often at least as violent, if not more so, than the mayhem of our modern fantasies. For example, The Godfather, and its companion, Godfather II, have been justly praised for excellence in such technical matters as acting and direction; their popularity is enhanced by less pleasant preoccupations: a lust for violence accentuated in recent years; an obsession with the details of organized crime; a cynical belief that only small distinctions separate lawless behavior from ordinary business practice.
Myths are a medium by which people explain the world around them to younger generations. These myths generally explain how the world was formed and came to be. However, the teachings of each myth can be varied based on where they originated. If the myth came from a polytheistic culture, the myth may be more focus on the nature and ecological lessons.
When Athena, a goddess, realizes that her weaving competition with Arachne, a mortal, would end in a draw, the text states, “...she tore Arachne’s tapestry from top to bottom and began to beat the girl,” (85). Because Athena has supernatural powers, she should be viewed as a superior being. However, in this story, although Arachne is a mortal, she is able to weave at a comparable level of skill to Athena, a goddess. This causes Athena to feel envious of Arachne’s abilities, and in an effort to weaken Arachne, Athena destroys Arachne’s work and beats her. Athena’s behavior is similar to humans’ behavior when attempting to invalidate and undermine that people they are jealous and envious of.
“Cosmos” is needed to prevent “chaos”. In fact, in developed religious systems of this kind, there were three cosmic levels: not only earth and heaven, but an underworld as well. The axis mundi, the vertical feature, was seen as the centre of the world and as linking together all three cosmic levels. Instead
According to Greek mythology, Chaos, was the origin everything, it was the first thing to ever exist. Chaos was also considered a place, much like the Heavens