Introduction
The health care industry environment continues to be a dynamic one. The corporatization and consolidation of health care, new methods in the delivery of care, new reimbursement mechanisms, and changes in the composition of the workforce are the major issues dominating the industry environment.
Historically, the experience and concern in the field of primary health care in India dates back to the Vedic period. As far back as 3000 B.C., the Indus Valley civilization had already developed environmental sanitation programmes such as provision of underground drains, public baths, etc., in the cities. Arogya or health was given high priority in daily life, and rules set and advocated for attaining arogya indicate that the concept of
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Private sector has been the driving force behind the growth in the Indian healthcare sector. Expenditure on private hospitals accounts for 66.9% of total healthcare expenditure in India, among the highest in the world. Most healthcare resources in India are with the private sector, which includes 80% of doctors, 26% of nurses, 49% of beds, 78% of ambulatory services, and 60% of inpatient care.
On the other Hand, India’s per capita expenditure on healthcare has improved over the years; however, continues to be one of the lowest in the world per capita healthcare expenditure (in USD) India’s per capita expenditure on healthcare is very low compared with developed countries such as the US (per capita healthcare expenditure of USD4,700 in 2010), the UK (USD1,700), Japan (USD2,800), etc. This is primarily on account of low disposable income and low government spend; the Indian government spend on the healthcare sector is among the lowest, accounting for 4.2% of the total GDP (as against 17% in the US in 2010 and over 9% in Japan and the
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Reduction in customs duty :The government has reduced customs duty on life-saving equipment to 5% from 25%, and exempted it from countervailing duty. Import duty on medical equipment has been reduced to 7.5%.
National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) :To cater to the healthcare needs of slum dwellers across urban India, the government set up a National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) in 2005. This initiative caters to nearly 42.6 million slum dwellers spread across 640 towns and cities in India.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) :The Government of India set up a National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) in 2005 (the mission ran until 2012) to ensure provision of effective healthcare to the country’s rural population. This initiative has helped in reduction of the maternal mortality rate (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), and total fertility rate (TFR) across the
Prior to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), few people anticipated employer-provided health care would disappear as a major player in the United State healthcare arena. However, ACA adoption and has put more than 169 million employees at risk for losing their workplace coverage. Several studies indicate employer-based coverage will decline rapidly over the next decade as the traditional US system is displaced by the healthcare exchange system. While consumers grapple with finding affordable coverage options and providers adjust to the new norms, there is another wrinkle in the mix. In January, Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Sylvia M. Burwell announced the agency's push toward value-based and alternative reimbursement models.
During the period of 1860-1900, there were many factors that helped to promote America’s industrial growth. With railroads increasing commerce, a large supply of necessary resources: coal, iron, and water, help from the supportive government, and a large wave of new immigrants it really was irresistible to not turn into a much more mechanized country. Once the 20th century was upon us, America was one of the greatest industrial nations in the World. Industrialization is what has led this country to be as successful as we know it today. As shown in Document 2, in 1860, there were less than 40,000 miles of railroad track.
Also, that measuring the quality of health care for is challenging due to the diversity of the population and its potential sources of health care. In studying these factors, it is also important to note the present conditions of health care currently for American Indians/ Alaska Natives. Presently, the Indian Health Services provide health care and disease prevention to approximately 2.2 million AI/ AN with a total of $US 4.3 billion appropriated for IHS in 2013 (Artiga). These numbers have expanded exponentially since then with a projected 6 billion dollars to be spent on HIS over the next 4 years ("FY2015 Budget in Brief - IHS"). The Indian Heath Services also rely on revenue from third party payers including Medicare, Medicaid and other private insurances (Artgiga).
Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia for example, use different forms of universal healthcare. Before Obama passed the Affordable Care Act in 2010, “the U.S. spent $6,697 per capita on healthcare services, which was more than double the per capita expenditures of the report’s six other surveyed countries. Canada, which spent $3,326 per capita, was the next highest-spending country.” (Rhea,
It can be quite prevailing for individuals to have financial problems towards health coverage. Based on the Health Affairs reference, “In the last decade, health insurance premiums costs have increased by 80%... whereas 58% of Americans report they are not able to seek medical attention due to high costs” (Gary Claxton, Matthew Rae, and Nirmita Panchal, et al). Statistics also present many factors exhibiting millions of individuals facing the risk of losing their insurance. Above all, health insurance is a basic health necessity. Medical services being available to everyone will benefit the public health not only with quality, but along with quantity.
Chicago, Illinois: American Health Information Management Association. Retrieved from http://www.amcp.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=12724 Health Care Reform. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014. http://www.hca.wa.gov/hcr/Pages/default.aspx Indian Health Service
Analyze two or more defining characteristics of the U.S. health care system. Main Characteristics of the U.S. Health Care System According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, health care is defined as maintaining and restoration of health by the treatment and prevention of disease especially by trained and licensed professionals (as in medicine, dentistry, clinical psychology, and public health) According to Shi & Singh (2015) the combined interaction of economic development, technological progression, social and cultural values; physical environment, population characteristics, such a s demographic and health trends; and global influences make up the characteristics of the United States health care system.
Between 1965 and 1980 number of community hospitals increased from 5,736 (741,000 beds) to 5,830 (988,000 beds) and the admission rate has increased from 130 to154 (AHA, 1990). Role of Government in the Decline of Hospitals There has been a tremendous shift and downfall in the hospital growth since the mid-1980s to almost 2005 and this shift is because of decreased utilization of inpatient services and increased use of outpatient services. The three main forces responsible for this shift are the changes in hospital reimbursement, the impact of managed care, hospital closures (Shi. L and Singh.
Summary of “The American Healthcare Paradox” “The American Health Care Paradox” focuses on health care and how the United States is suffering compared to their peer countries. The United States has spent billions of dollars in health care and the problem is still growing. The government is responsible for not following or ignoring the issue that we suffered with, in today’s society the healthcare system is failing drastically. The health care system has been a problem for several decades now, even though it seems that things are getting better it’s not.
It may surprise you that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, at least 400 million people lack access to essential health services. They said, at least 6 percent of people in 37 low and middle income countries are living in poverty because they must spend the money for health. Health care services is the most importance thing that we need because it is not only for improve the health but also through individual behaviour and lifestyle choices such as quitting smoking, eating the nutritious food and living a healthy lifestyles.
India has multiple players in the healthcare segment but there is a huge gap in the demand and number players in the market. Also, considering the growth potential projected in the next few years, it is a highly attractive industry for the existing players. Considering government hospitals as incumbents: This does not impact the industry attractiveness for private players by much because of following reasons in urban areas. Accessibility in terms of commuting and waiting time is much more in govt.
Health care cost has seen to increase gradually as years go by. This has been influenced by major factors such as political influence, emerging chronic diseases, new procedures that are coming up including the technologies being invented for treating illnesses, pricing of medicines and treatment is not regulated and when treating ailment their may arise repetition of tests or a patient gets over treated for a particular ailment. The cost of healthcare has increased due to chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes etc. The lifestyle people are living in this generation has led to the development of diseases that are expensive to treat or has led to there being over treatment in such for a cure of a particular ailment.
Contribution to health of a population also derives from social determinants of health like living conditions, nutrition, safe drinking water, sanitation, education, early child development and social security measures. According to major health indicators like immunization of infants, nutrition level in children and women, supplementation of food and its equity among all, India holds the low position compared to even Sub-Saharan African countries and Conflict ravaged countries like Afghanistan and Haiti and even from the neighboring South Asian countries like Bangladesh. (UNICEF Report
The United kingdom, which employs a form of Universal Health Care through a compulsory but government-subsidized public insurance plan ranks among the top twenty countries in the world in terms of quality of health care; whereas the U.S ranks at number 36 even though it is a developed nation. Overall, tax hikes and the time allotted to wait for medical treatment is far outweighed by the fact that more people have access to care and this is important as it takes into account the needs of the
India is able to obtain the competitive advantage over other countries because of the well-trained medical professionals and their dedicated services. The cost of offering health care services is very less when compared to the other Asian countries. The cost incurred for surgery in India is one-tenth when compared to United States or other Western