Health is a fundamental human right and a worldwide social goal and it is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans it is the general conditions of person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness and injury. Health is necessary for the realization of basic human needs and to attain the status of better quality of life (WHO 1979). The health is a major determinant of human capital and if the quality of human capital is not maintained, physical capital and natural resources cannot be properly utilized and growth could neither be sustained nor be qualitative. The health of the people depends upon the utilization of health care services and the level of health status of a person is a robust reflection …show more content…
The total health expenditure is the sum of the public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of healthcare services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowing and grants and social health insurance funds. Private health expenditure includes direct household (out of pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations and direct services payments by private corporations. Expenditure on medical and public health per capita influence health status but it does not have a strong effect on reducing infant mortality, which is crucial in designing public policy to reduce excess mortality in developing economies (Kaushik Krishnan K, Kurt K Kleinand Lawrence N Arbenser, 2006).
World Health Expenditure Globally in 2012, the total expenditure on health was about US$6.5 trillion. Total global expenditure for health per person per year was US$948 among these USA posses the highest total spending per person per year of US$8362 and Eritrea possesses the lowest position (US$12). The share of the government in health spending varies
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The private sector provides 80 percent of the health care services and only 20 percent are provided by the government (www.buyusa.gov/india). The private health sector predominates in the provisioning of curative services. India’s private health sector accounts for about 80 per cent outpatient treatments for both rich and poor, more than 55 percent of all in-patient admissions or hospitalization i.e. curative services, 40 per cent of prenatal care, 55 per cent of institutional deliveries and as low as 10 per cent of immunizations delivered. It provides 40 per cent of hospitalizations for the poor and 60 per cent for the privileged (Mukhopadhayay Debes, 2006). The provision of health care services will improve the physical and mental developments of the human being.
Health expenditure in India
The general government (central and sate) expenditure on health was 1.36 percentage of the GDP in 2012-13 estimates. Health expenditure, public (% of GDP) in India was 1.28 as of 2013. Its highest value over the past 18 years was 1.28 in 2013, while its lowest value was 1.00 in 2005. Health expenditure, private (% of GDP) in India was 2.69 as of 2013. Its highest value over the past 18 years was 3.56 in 2004, while its lowest value was 2.65 in 2012.
WHO's Ranking of the India's Healthcare
It can be quite prevailing for individuals to have financial problems towards health coverage. Based on the Health Affairs reference, “In the last decade, health insurance premiums costs have increased by 80%... whereas 58% of Americans report they are not able to seek medical attention due to high costs” (Gary Claxton, Matthew Rae, and Nirmita Panchal, et al). Statistics also present many factors exhibiting millions of individuals facing the risk of losing their insurance. Above all, health insurance is a basic health necessity. Medical services being available to everyone will benefit the public health not only with quality, but along with quantity.
At the end, I will suggest methods to solve the health inequality. Definitions of ‘Health’ ‘Absence of diseases’ is a common definition of health within our society. However, it cannot completely express the definition of health since health is affected by many factors but not only biological and physiological. An official definition of health by the World Health Organization is, ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainment of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs or economic and social conditions’ (World Health Organization, 1948).
The term social determinants of health, can be defined as a ‘set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work.’ These conditions include housing, education, financial security and the environment along with the healthcare service. (http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/438838/01.12_Health_inequalities_and_the_social_determinants_of_health.pdf) These factors are affected by the amount of money, power and resources that are available at a global, national and local level. Social determinants of health are linked to health inequalities according to the World Health Organisation, health inequalities are ‘the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.’
Annotated Bibliography Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365, 1099 1104. This journal article illustrates that many countries have enormous disparities in health.
In short, the biological model of health is mainly defined from the absence of disease, from the model that is well-matched with positive meanings in relation to balance of normal functioning. The social model health is actually a positive state of well-being and wholeness linked with however this is not mainly explained from the non-existence of disease, physical, mental impairment and illness (Gross, 2010). Overall the concepts of ill health and health are not balanced. Non-existences of disease might be part of health, however health is considered more than the “absence of disease”.
It may surprise you that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, at least 400 million people lack access to essential health services. They said, at least 6 percent of people in 37 low and middle income countries are living in poverty because they must spend the money for health. Health care services is the most importance thing that we need because it is not only for improve the health but also through individual behaviour and lifestyle choices such as quitting smoking, eating the nutritious food and living a healthy lifestyles.
Social determinants of health depend on social, environmental and economic conditions in societies (EuroHealthNet, n.d.). These factors and conditions, together with the age, sex and hereditary factors of a person, are interlinked and influence the health status of the individual, because a person is born, grows, lives, works and ages in these conditions (Equity Action, 2010). The living and working conditions include agriculture and food production, education, work and environment, unemployment, water and sanitation, health care services and housing (Marmot, Health inequalities in the EU, 2013, p. 40). In addition, it is clear that equal access to good health is hard to achieve, and it can be done so, if disadvantages are assessed, and that necessary measures should be taken (Stegeman, Costongs, & Needle,
Public health insurance assures that, since it decreases the gap between social levels as there is no discrimination between rich and poor. According to article (12) in the library of human rights session number (22) “it's the right for every citizen to enjoy the luxury health and receive the highest medication”. Public hospitals provide that by making its number one aim to treat the patient and make sure that the patient has received proper medication without caring about what payments will be paid and what luxuries will be provided according to the paid amount. “The right of each citizen to have an appropriate acces to health care should be based on their needs and not on their ability to pay costs for such care” confirmed by the paper of health and population provided in the eighth national
The first major piece of United States health care legislation started with our 2nd president, John Adams who in 1798 signed an Act for the ill-stricken and disabled seamen. Within this act, it stated that from a seamen’s paycheck that twenty cents per month would be allocated to cover any medical bills. Many years have passed with greater technologies, more educated physicians, and health care reform within our health care system. While some health care systems are more technologically advanced with physicians going through extended educational programs, other countries are stricken with disease, have medication and vaccination shortages, and a health care system that is non-existent. Even though the United States has issues within government
Health care payments are the ones that push 100 million people every year to enter into poverty line since they are short of financial protection. Sub Saharan countries in Africa can be considered best examples for these conditions (Anyamele, 2011). Wealth becomes a prominent factor for health as evident from the above example. It is revealed that income and health have a correlation where the changes in one affect the other.
The farmers and the poor always are unable to get the sufficient health care. Secondly, the problem is the imbalance of illness 's prevention between medical resources. For a long time, prevention approaches are not well implemented, cure light-proof and lack of government investment in public health and public health system is weak. This situation seriously limited the capacity of service and did not achieve the desired benefits of disease prevention
India has multiple players in the healthcare segment but there is a huge gap in the demand and number players in the market. Also, considering the growth potential projected in the next few years, it is a highly attractive industry for the existing players. Considering government hospitals as incumbents: This does not impact the industry attractiveness for private players by much because of following reasons in urban areas. Accessibility in terms of commuting and waiting time is much more in govt.
Health care cost has seen to increase gradually as years go by. This has been influenced by major factors such as political influence, emerging chronic diseases, new procedures that are coming up including the technologies being invented for treating illnesses, pricing of medicines and treatment is not regulated and when treating ailment their may arise repetition of tests or a patient gets over treated for a particular ailment. The cost of healthcare has increased due to chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes etc. The lifestyle people are living in this generation has led to the development of diseases that are expensive to treat or has led to there being over treatment in such for a cure of a particular ailment.
According the WHO health amendment 1948 health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
When exploring what is health, it looks at the idea of an individual being free from illness or injuries (World Health Organization 1948). WHO further explains that it is the state of complete: physical, mental, and social well-being and not the absence of disease or infirmity (health context, 2018) In 1986 during Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, WHO said health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living, also is a positive concept emphasizing social, personal resources, and physical capacities. There are different aspects that contribute and impact a person’s health such as their: family and friends, education or job, body, spirit and mind, and all these need to balance to ensure good health (health context, 2018).