This report presents an analysis of the performance of the double pipe, shell-and-tube, and plate heat exchangers and a comparison of the overall and film heat transfer coefficients for each exchanger. As there are different heat exchangers and flow direction capabilities, it was essential to understand the capabilities and performance differences for each heat exchanger. Each heat exchanger was evaluated by measuring the change in temperatures and flow rates for the hot and cold temperature streams.
A variety of parameters were calculated to analyze the difference of the three heat exchangers’ performance including: heat transfer rate, energy balance, and overall heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the double pipe heat exchanger was operated
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This was expected because as the cold water flow rate increased, more heat transfer was occurring throughout the heat exchanger between the hot and cold streams. The plate heat exchanger was observed to have much higher overall heat transfer coefficient values than either the shell-and-tube or the double pipe. This was attributed to the plate heat exchanger having larger temperature differences from the increased outlet cold stream and the decreased outlet hot stream compared to the other heat exchangers. Thereby, the overall heat transfer coefficient significantly increased for the plate heat exchanger. The shell-and-tube and the double pipe heat exchangers did not have as large a difference in temperature change, thereby resulting in similar overall heat transfer coefficient values.
The change in the overall heat transfer coefficient for the constant cold stream and changing hot stream flows are shown in Figure 2 below.
As observed in Figure 2, the overall heat transfer coefficient at each changing hot water flow rate again increased for each heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger was again observed to have much higher overall heat transfer coefficient values than either the shell-and-tube or the double pipe due to the same larger temperature differences. The different flow-patterns for the double pipe heat exchanger were very similar in both
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However, the film coefficients for the hot water flow rate for the Wilson Plot was about twice that of the Buonopane Correlation. These film coefficient values should be about the same. As the Wilson plot was an extrapolated version of data and not based solely off experimental data like the Buonopane correlation, there may be some discrepancies in the results. However, there is a possibility of some experimental error from temperature values not reaching steady state that then affected the film coefficient
For my research paper this fall I will be talking about Senator Jon Tester's voting habits on the Keystone XL Pipeline. The Keystone XL Pipeline was a bill passed by the Senate by a vote of 62 to 36. This bill would allow the oil to be ship from Alberta to Illinois and then to Texas to be refined and sold. Jon Tester was one of the sixty-two members who supported the Keystone Pipeline because of its benefit on Montana's jobs and economy. However, Jon Tester has also spoken about how Montana and the United States needs to work towards cleaner energy alternatives.
In cycle one, the double displacement reaction, Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) occurred, the result of the reaction was that the reaction mixture began to bubble with the copper filling dissolving and a vapor like substance leaving the reaction. Furthermore, when water was added, the color change, from brown to a blue color pigment. Then in Cycle two, another double displacement reaction occurred, Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq), which resulted in the reaction becoming cloudy and a darker shade of blue. Following cycle two, a decomposition reaction occurred as the result of heat being administered to the mixture, thus the following reaction occurred in cycle three, Cu(OH)2(s) → CuO(s) + H2O(l). As a
Rachele Liba Professor Whitehead POSC 100 22 July 2016 Placing a Price on a Green Nation Having lived a nomadic lifestyle across the United States, I have had the opportunity to witness the wonders of our flourishing society and the everyday turmoils that we face. Rigorous innovation has helped Americans fulfill countless dreams, however with every gift there is a usually a price-tag or opportunity cost. Now in the midst of the general presidential election, platforms that represent our beliefs can undergo much needed reform to address the opportunity costs that were surpassed in the process of success. Among the various problems found in our society, a key movement that has raised necessary controversy has to do with environmental policy.
The keystone pipeline has created great debate among the government of the United States and Native American’s living close to where it would be. There have been several attempts by the counter parts to convince the general public what to do. An example of these are the “Reject and Protect” Cowboy and Indian Alliance Anti-Pipeline Ad and the Support Keystone Pro-Pipeline Ad. The Anti-pipeline add starts with images of the Native American’s and Cowboys together. In the background we can hear Native American chants witch could be used to be more sympathetic with the subject.
In the generations of the immigrant labor of a Slovak family, the Dorejacks demonstrates the tough labor in America. In the novel “Out This Furnace” a captivating, non-fiction story, Thomas Bell suggests that immigrant labor in the early days was tough and factors like labor inequality, the relationship between companies and politics, and essential money shaped immigrants freedom. In the mid-1800’s George Kracha fled his country, Austria, under the ruler of Frank Josef, because of the lack of money and employment, Kracha couldn’t sustain his wife and mother (p.3). Moreover, Kracha’s story began when he arrived in New York to White Hill, he then migrates to several other cities but still in America.
In recent years in can be noted that civil disobedience is prominent in American culture. This can be portrayed in the recent events of the Keystone Pipeline activists. Many activists have blamed the government for their problems just as Thoreau did in his essay “Civil Disobedience”. There can be a parallel drawn between these two topics even though they have decades between them. In these times it is still logical to believe that civil disobedience is the right course of action.
The Keystone Pipeline is a series of metal pipes that run from Alberta Canada to Patoka, Illinois and Port Arthur, Texas. The pipes pass through North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The current Keystone Pipeline transports approximately 700,000 barrels of oil a day from Canada to Texas. (n.d.) The Keystone XL Pipeline is a proposed 1,700 mile expansion to the current pipeline, which would branch west, impacting an additional state, Montana, and end in Cushing Oklahoma.
Introduction The intent of this experiment is to understand how hot and cold water interact with each other by combining clear hot water and black ice cold water. I hope to learn more about how hot and cold water interact with each other. As of now, I know that cold water is denser than hot water. Knowing this I formed my hypothesis.
Exploration Title: Effect of Temperature on rate of Osmosis Submitted By: Abdulkarim Kamal Date Submitted: October 19th 2015 Subject: Biology HL Teacher: Mr. Nick Aim: This is an investigation to determine the relation between temperature of a solution (sucrose) and the rate of osmosis Scientific Context: Osmosis is defined a passive transport process in which a fluid diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane, from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration and vice-versa. There are various factors that could potentially influence the rate of osmosis; these factors include volume, concentration, and temperature. If all external factors that may interfere with rate of osmosis are controlled, the results will show equal amounts of fluid on both sides of the barrier (membrane); this is known as an “isotonic” state.
Natural Resources minister is under fire from Liberal minister for harmful comments about the approval of the Kinder Morgan pipeline. He apologized for the comments he made about pipeline protests that some people mis-interpret his speech as a threat of their communities. Carr made comments about the possible use of defence forces during future protests to put their safety over pipeline projects approved by Ottawa. The controversy was started when Carr told the crowd "If people choose for their own reasons not to be peaceful, then the government of Canada, through its defence forces, through its police forces, will ensure that people will be kept safe"(Lazzarino). Some First Nations made a promised to protest over the Liberal government controversial
Canadian company TransCanada hopes to build Keystone XL a pipeline that carries Canadian tar sand oil from Canadian border to the Golf Coast. According to Derber “the pipeline extracts some of the dirtiest oil on the planet, a process that sends many polluting chemicals into the ground waters and releases methane, the most potent greenhouse gas, into the air, creating one of the greatest climate threat” (p. 115). A leak from a pipeline carrying the tar sand oil could cause environmental damage and pollute our drinking water and agricultural irrigation. The builders of the Keystone XL Pipeline are wilders. According to Derber, “environmental wilding in the natural environment, such as reckless polluting that causes global warming” (p. 11).
Controversy Surrounding the Keystone XL Pipeline To build or not to build, this choice will impact the relationship between the US and Canada and determine the level of dependence the US will have on countries that are not so friendly. “TransCanada’s proposed Keystone XL Pipeline would transport oil sands crude from Canada and shale oil produced in North Dakota and Montana to a market hub in Nebraska for delivery to Gulf Coast refineries. The pipeline would consist of 875 miles of 36-inch pipe with the capacity to transport 830,000 barrels per day” (Parfomak, Pirog, Luther and Vann 4). The construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline would strengthen the United States economy, provide energy security and have minimal environmental impact. “The Keystone XL project would create $1.1 trillion in private capital investment at no
The topic of research is, “how fast does an Alka-Seltzer tablet make gas?”. In the experiment, the scientists will be measuring the chemical reaction rates that occur, when 1 Alka-Seltzer tablet is placed in a specific temperature of water. The independent variable during the experiment will be the temperature of the water (degrees Celsius). The dependent variable during the experiment will be, the rate in which gas is produced (in seconds). The constants of the experiment, will be the amount of water used and the Alka Selter compound.
In this experiment, the amount of water lost in the 0.99 gram sample of hydrated salt was 0.35 grams, meaning that 35.4% of the salt’s mass was water. The unknown salt’s percent water is closest to that of Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate, or CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O. The percent error from the accepted percent water in CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O is 1.67%, since the calculated value came out to be 0.6 less than the accepted value of 36.0%.This lab may have had some issues or sources of error, including the possibility of insufficient heating, meaning that some water may not have evaporated, that the scale was uncalibrated, or that the evaporating dish was still hot while being measured. This would have resulted in convection currents pushing up on the plate and making it seem lighter by lifting it up
Introduction Strong acids and strong acids both dissociate completely in water forming ions. However, strong acids donate a proton to form H3O+ along with a conjugate base and strong bases accept a proton to form OH- along with a conjugate acid. The chemical behavior of acids and bases are opposite. When they are together, their ions cancel out and form a neutral solution. In this experiment, HCl and NaOH will react to form NaOH and H2O with these two steps: The overall reaction is: Both Na+ and Cl- ions combine to form NaCl.