1. Hct – Hematocrit, also called packed-cell volume (PCV), is the proportion of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, that transport oxygen throughout the body
Normal : 38.8 to 50% (men), 34.9 to 44.5% (women) Low = A lower than normal hematocrit may indicate:
• An insufficient supply of healthy red blood cells (anemia)
• Vitamin or mineral deficiencies
• Recent or long-term blood loss
High = A higher than normal hematocrit may indicate:
• Dehydration
• A disorder, such as polycythemia vera, that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells
• Lung or heart disease — if the body senses low oxygen levels, it will make more red blood cells in an effort to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood
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Deficiencies are typically seen with:
• Low dietary intake (seen in the elderly, malnourished, and with alcoholism)
• Gastrointestinal disorders (such as Crohn's disease)
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Long-term diuretic use
• Prolonged diarrhea
• Post surgery
• Severe burns
• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Drugs that can decrease magnesium levels include digoxin, cyclosporine, diuretics, insulin, some antibiotics, laxatives, and phenytoin.
High - Increased blood levels of magnesium are rarely due to dietary sources but are usually the result of an excretion problem or excessive supplementation. Increased levels are seen in:
• Kidney failure
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Dehydration
• Diabetic acidosis (when first seen)
• Addison disease
• Rich magnesium sources include: spinach, nuts, seeds, beans
• Tap water may also contain magnesium.
• Use of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives
• Drugs that can increase magnesium levels include lithium, aspirin, thyroid medication, some antibiotics, and products that contain
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Low levels may indicate
• kidney disease caused by a direct trauma to the kidneys such as bleeding.
9. SGOT: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in liver and cardiac cells and to lesser degrees in skeletal muscle, renal tissue, red blood cells and the brain. Injury to cells releases AST into the blood, and may be caused by hepatotoxins (eg, alcohol, drugs), hemolysis, myopathy or ischemia.
Normal: 0 – 35 units/L
Uses: to screen for liver disease in high risk situation (obesity, hepatotoxic medication, exposure to viral hepatitis.); evaluation of symptoms suggestive of liver dysfunction (URQ pain, pruritis, nausea); detect damage to hepatocytes; former test to diagnose and follow acute MI
Decreased levels: uremia, vitamin B6 deficiency, certain medications (allopurinol, cyclosporine, progesterone).
Increased levels: cirrhosis, MI, skeletal muscle damage, alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatice ductal blockage, chronic hepatitis B and C, ischemic damage, pregnancy, third degree burns, seizure activity.
10. Troponin I: cardiac marker Normal: <0.03ng/ml
Uses: myocardial infarction, diagnosis of ACS (acute coronary syndrome), perioperative MI, documents coronay reperfusion in patients receiving thrombolytic
Hypoprothrombinemia caused by vit K malabsorption Adult: PO/IM 2.5-25 mg, may repeat or increased to 50 mg, Child: PO/IM 5-10 mg, Infant: PO/IM 2mg. Hypoprothrombinemia caused by oral anticoagulants Adult and child: PO/SC/IM
Clinical manifestations that indicate the presence of cirrhosis include the following: fatigue, ascites (fluid accumulation in abdomen), drowsiness and hepatic encephalopathy (Cleveland Clinic Staff, 2014). Room 362’s chief compliant of weakness and drowsiness was displayed upon admission and provided
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to use chemical and physical tests to identify indicators of disease in synthetic urine samples. This lab tested samples for protein levels, glucose levels, and pH levels. In a normally functioning individual, proteins cannot pass through the glomerulus; therefore proteins should not be found in urine. However, in the nephrons of individuals with Bright’s Disease, the glomerulus no longer stops all proteins from entering the urine (Giuseppe et al., 2002, pp.
He does have a slight elevation in his total bilirubin is 0.3. Other liver function testing is normal. He has previously had a liver ultrasound back in October of 2014, showing hepatic steatosis, otherwise negative abdominal ultrasound. He has previously has declined evaluation by gastroenterology or hematology and he is still not sure that he wants to do that. He is not having any belly pain.
A comprehensive review of the other components of the CBC is one of the most important steps in the evaluation of low platelet count. The CBC can tell us whether other blood disorders may be present, such as, anemia (low red cell count or hemoglobin), erythrocytosis (high red blood cell count or hemoglobin), leukopenia (low white cells count), or leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count). These abnormalities may suggest bone marrow problems as the potential
The renal system is capable of nearly 100% fractional excretion when renal magnesium threshold is exceeded. Clinically significant hypermagnesemia is uncommon in patients with normal renal function. Excessive magnesium intake and magnesium containing antacids can increase levels as well. Clinical Manifestations Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, cutaneous flushing, and muscle
His symptoms are linked to his CBC results that are below the reference range of RBC, hematocrit and hemoglobin. Harold has an elevated mean of RBC volume while having a low RBC and hematocrit count, this indicates that he is producing an abnormally large RBC that does not efficiently carry oxygen. 3. Doctors have determined that Harold is anemic. Describe this condition.
• Results of visual, auditory, and brainstem evoked potential studies are often abnormal. • Electromyography (EMG) findings may be very abnormal in people with advanced stages of the disease. (Ignataviscius & Workman, 2013, p. 979) V.C. Labs Upon admission to the hospital labs were taken to determine my patient’s chemistry, her hematology, and her urinalysis. • Chemistry • Sodium (NA)- 140mmol/L (range 135-145 mmol/L)
However this test has a low sensitivity where some individuals with low result would be considered to be deficient but show no clinical evidence of deficiency and conversely symptoms of deficiency can be seem when the result does not fall into the low range. There is a large ‘grey zone’ or ‘indeterminate range’ between normal and abnormal levels. In order to detect vitamin B12 deficiency, a more sensitive and specific screening test is required. Haptocorrin (HC) and transcobalamin (TC) are transport proteins for vitamin B12 . Transport of vitamin B12 to the tissues is brought about by TC.
Other tests included the Schilling test, where a few radioactive B12 was administered orally and the absorbed amount was measured. If vitamin B12 is absorbed only when the intrinsic factor is absorbed, the diagnosis of pernicious anemia can be confirmed. Because the detection process is so complex, it is considered normal at all levels, and many physicians are likely to conclude that the only reliable way to assess the effects of micro B12 deficiency on blood, especially older patients, is to observe changes (especially Psychological changes) and experience to determine the optimal number of individual patients. Because B12 is not toxic, in addition to extremely high, the use of the high-dose treatment in an empirical manner is not dangerous. Vitamin B12 also helps our body to absorb folic acid, which helps to release energy.
The diagnosis of hyperkalemia may be suggested based on symptoms and physical examination – but these are typically none specific. Definitive diagnosis is always made with laboratory confirmation of your serum potassium level. Other commonly ordered blood tests include a CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel), CBC (complete blood cell count), and thyroid function (TSH, free T4).
The deformity in the hemoglobin tetramer due to the lack of the beta chain will lead to a severe imbalance of globin chain synthesis (alpha >> beta) and this will results in ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Precipitate will occur due to the excess unpaired alpha-globin chains aggregate, and this will damage red cell membranes. The damage will lead into intravascular hemolysis. Destruction of the premature erythroid precursors will lead to intramedullary death and ineffective
Thank you Mrs. Ellsworth for coming to me with your questions. I would gladly explain your lab results to you. The test you had done was a urinanlysis. This test is performed to check the specific gravity of a patients urine. This is a quick and simple test used to determine how efficiently the patients kidneys are diluting the urine.
A group of inherited red blood disorder in which the red blood cell forms a C-shaped and becomes hard and stick together is known as sickle cell disease (SCD). These sickle cells has a short life span which causes shortage in red blood cells and sometimes clog the blood flow in the small blood vessels causing pain, infection acute chest syndrome and stroke (CDC, 2015). Patient with SCD most often has cellular sickling known as crises which began suddenly and continues frequently or seldomly. Sickle cell crisis is a response to deficient oxygen in the blood which could be local or systemic. Hypoxia, anoxia, ischemia, and cell death of tissue and organs can occur as a result of repeated larger blood vessels naso-occlussive event.
In Malaysia, individuals with MCH of less than 27pg and low haemoglobin will be investigated for iron deficiency anaemia which is also a common condition with low MCH. For those with MCH of less than 27pg and normal haemoglobin, the next step is to quantitate the haemoglobin fractions (HbA2 and HbF) using hemoglobin electrophoresis or High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and a