Hi Dad How is it going? My first semester at the University of Michigan is very exciting. One of my favorite classes is the organic chemistry lab. It is completely different from the typical Orgo lab that you took at college. The instructors are trying to teach us the applications of chemistry in real life. Indeed, we, as students, are even creating our own experiment and testing our own hypothesis. This week, my group’s experimental goal was to convert an inactive prodruge to an active drug. You can say that the prodruge is a medication that does not work until it undergoes a reaction and changes to an active, working drug in our body. My group predicted that a higher pH, which means a more basic compound, would lead to a higher percent yield of the active drug. …show more content…
We used different molarities to get different strengths. For example, for our strong base (pH 14) the molarity of NaOH was 1. For even a stronger base (pH 14.6), we used 4 Molar of NaOH. As you know, we used deionized water as a control for the reaction because its pH is 7. Also, our prodruge was 200mg. After that, we applied the TLC Plate method to monitor the reaction progress. TLC is a simple and inexpensive way to show the number of the components in the tested mixture. These all involve using solvent with a specific polarity, a jar with soaked paper, and a high polarity silica plate. If our compound is highly polar, it will stick to the silica plate and will not move up on it. If the compound is not polar enough, the solvent will encases the compound; as a result, the compound will move up on the plate, as well as the
Dr. Colleen Winters – BIO 655 Vishall G. Kaistha TITLE: “Recombination-Directed DNA Repair Promote Homologous Stimulating Transcription of Genes That That Preserves Genomic Integrity by MEN1 Is a Melanoma Tumor Suppressor”.
The last goal was to determine the percent yield of a product formed during a reaction with the unknown compound. Experimental Design The first day of lab consisted of various preliminary tests that helped identify the unknown compound.
We hypothesized that men with apparently clinically localized CaP harboring occult metastases would also have elevated plasma levels of components of the uPA system of plasminogen activation that would be associated with a higher risk of biochemical progression despite effective local control of disease. Therefore, to determine the relationship of the major components of the uPA system with established markers of CaP presence, invasion, metastasis, and progression, we studied pre- and postoperative plasma levels of uPA and uPAR in patients with clinically localized CaP who underwent radical prostatectomy, patients with CaP metastases to regional lymph nodes, patients with newly diagnosed CaP metastases to bone, and healthy men. The availability of pre- and
The investigation was carried out to identify the presence or absence of biological molecules in serum 2216. If the concentration in each test tube of the dilutions carried out will be more concentrated then the concentration of the test tube before it, then the color will be at an equal concentration with the other dilutions performed. The hypothesis was wrong because of the difference in concentrations due to the different measurements within the dilutions done. The test for starch was to add a drop of iodine solution to the pipette in the spotting tile. A reducing sugar solutions is add inside a test tube with 3 drops to then add 3 drops of benedicts and plane in a water bath.
On April 6, 2016 at approximately 11:45am, a local police station got a call about a hostage situation at a local pharmacy. When police and medical examiners got to each crime scene, they learned that all of the hostages were given drugs and had overdosed on them. Some of the pills, in powder form, were found near the victims. One of the victims was stable enough to tell the investigators that the power on the floor were the drugs they were forced to take. The medical examiner found out each hostage was given either unknown A or unknown B.
It has been so amazing taking this class because so many things are developed from the knowledge of chemistry. Before this class, I have never realized how much of my life actually revolved around it. It is so awesome to think that every time I go into my room and see the painting on the wall, chemistry was used to come up with the optimal paint used for it. It is also fascinating that temperature has such a large role in the compound of the paint itself. I have always noticed that the paint on houses in Arizona always seems to chip faster that the houses in a slightly colder area.
The molecular basis of testicular descent is demonstrated in pioneering experiment on dog puppies, which stated that abnormal gubernaculum development has occurred following unilateral and bilateral castration (Wensing, 1973c). afterwards, a low molecular weight factor extracted from porcine testicular tissue was shown to stimulate gubernacular mesenchymal cells during the transabdominal phase of testicular descent. This proliferative response was not mediated by androgens (Fentener van Vlissingen et al., 1988; 1989; Heyns et al., 1990; 1986; Visser and Heyns, 1995). This elusive low-molecular-weight factor likely resembles the insulin-like peptide hormone INSL3 which is structurally closely related to relaxin (Adham et al., 1993; Pusch and
In High Performance Liquid Chromatography the solvent is forced through under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres. The compounds travel in different speeds through the column. Retention Times( tR) is the time a compound needs to travel through the column to detector. Each analyte has a different retention time for several reason such as the pressure used, the nature of stationery phase, the temperature of the column and the exact composition of the solvent. There are two variants in HPLC based on the relative polarity of the solvent the normal and the stationery phase.
The TLC plate is supported by aluminum foil or plastic. This technique uses capillary action to draw the mobile phase up the plate. In this experiment, the mobile phase consists of propanol/acetic acid/water. The purpose of the mobile phase it to carry the components up the stationary phase. Retention factor (Rf) can be calculated once the solvent has reached ¾ way up the plate.
Introduction Gender is the state of being a male or a female. The differences between the two categories are known to lie within the reproductive system and certain physical attributes. However, these differences are not limited to genitalia and physical features. The presence of testosterone (male sex hormone) or estrogen (female sex hormone) affects metabolism, behavior, the functioning of organ systems, and the development of various diseases.
This experiment has to be carried out carefully
Researchers are able to determine how beneficial a drug is by performing these experiments. For example, let’s say a scientist were doing a study on a drug. They gave one group a placebo and gave the other group the medicine. That researcher could determine the success of that drug by comparing the results
INTRODUCTION Nature has provided the foetus with many protective mechanisms against many intra uterine hazards. One such protection is Amniotic fluid, the quantity varies , increasing with growing foetus, till term. Amniotic fluid volume is related to gestational age. It measures about 50 ml at 12 week of gestation about 400ml at 20 week of gestation and 1 litre at 36-38 week of gestation.
Drugs; an integral part in modern medicinal culture. Almost any problem can be solved with a simple pill, vitamin, or injection. However, with the usage of animals to test pharmaceuticals, there is no one hundred percent guarantee that a drug will work the same way in humans as it did in experimental trials (Shanks, R. Greek, and J. Greek 2). Unpredicted drug reactions and side effects is a big killer in the United States, taking 100,000 lives each year (Archibald 1). Yet, society abhors human testing.
The substituents should therefore be hydrophobic and electron donating for maximum activity. • log 1/C is the concentration of drug that has a defined biological activity. The bigger the value of log 1/C , the smaller the value of c, the better the drug. • P is a measure of overall hydrophobicity. • π is the substituent hydrophobicity constant and measures the hydrophobicity of a specific region on the drug’s skeleton.