2.1 Tectonic History and Regional Tectonics of the study area: The Himalayas were resulted during collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates in middle to late Eocene age (Stoneley 1974,). The Eurasian plate was 1comprised of three broad geological territories, which from north to south are the Laurasian, Tethyan and Gondwanian domains. During late Paleozoic, all these domains were part of the super continental mass called as Pangea, that were surrounded by a universal ocean called as Panthalassa. A part of Panthalassa Ocean called as Tethys Ocean was located between northern and southern parts of the Pangea. Laurasia and Gondwanaland were formed by the splitting of Pangea (Fig 2.1) in late Triassic. Laurasia and Gondwanaland were separated …show more content…
(Abbasi 1989). 1Main Karakoram Thrust MKT Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) Northern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt (NDFTB) Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Southern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt (SDFTB) Salt Range Thrust and Trans Indus ranges (SRT) Punjab Foredeep12.2.1 Main Karakoram Thrust: Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) was previously named as the Northern Suture (Tahir 1979). It is northern most member of North Pakistan thrust system (Fig 2.3) which was 1formed as a result of the collision between the Karakoram block in the north and the Kohistan Island Arc in the south and separates deformed metasedimentary and igneous rocks of Asian landmass in north from Kohistan Island Arc in south. Along MKT Kohistan sequence came in contact with Asian plate about 100 Ma ago (Coward et al., 1986) 2.2.2 Kohistan Island Arc: Kohistan-Ladakh terrain was generated as a result of intra-oceanic subduction during cretaceous (Treloar 1989). General trend of KIA is east …show more content…
It 12is bounded by Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) in the south and north respectively. Fig 2.3 Map showing location and major tectonic trends of Indo-Pakistan sub-continent (Modified after Sarwar and Dejong 1979) Fig 2.4 Tectonic Terrains in Pakistan (After Qayyum 13et. al, 1996) 2.2. 3 Main Mantle Thrust: Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) was 14formed as a result of collision between Kohistan-Ladakh Arc and Indian Plate during Eocene and then 8subduction of Indian Plate under the Kohistan Island Arc along 3MMT with major uplift during 30-15 Ma (Tahirkheli et al., 1979). The 1MMT bounds the KIA to the south and the Indian Plate to the north.42.2. 4 Northern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt: The northern deformed1fold and thrust belt is bounded by MBT separating it from the southern deformed fold and thrust belt (Abbasi 1989). Its northern boundary is marked MMT (Main Mantle Thrust) which 16separate it from Southern Deformed Thrust Belt. It is a 7belt of heavily deformed sedimentary, metasedimentary and igneous rocks which stretches from Kurram area in the west up to the Kashmir basin in the
INTRODUCTION The Cretaceous Period, spanning 65.5-146 million years ago (Mya), was a world different from what we are familiar with today. Planetary changes during this period included the extinction of dinosaurs and drastic global warming. The breakup of the super continent Pangea had started about 30 Mya, and seaways had begun to form and cover landmass that had once been a part of the super continent (Geologic Time). Today, scientists know that one of these landmasses, the North American continent as we now know it, was at one point covered by a vast inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway.
The last remnant of the supercontinent Gondwanaland finally separated into Australia and Antarctica between 30 and 40 million years ago. Isolated on an enormous northward-drifting raft the inhabitants of the Australian continent evolved and diversified over millions of years as the climate cycled through periods of warm and cool, wet and dry. Fossils Found in Riversleigh Our
- Crust - cool, lightweight, brittle, which floats on top of mantle. It is the outer layer of earth. Tectonic processes reshape continents and also cause earthquakes - Tectonic plates- plates caused by convection currents in the mantle that causes earthquakes. - Ocean basins form where continents crack and pull apart. - Magma – is molten rock
Along the southern boundary were three separate arches which were rising due to the Taconic orogeny: Kankakee, Findlay, and Cincinnati. The upward movement of these arches were integral in the depressive basins forming adjacent to them: Michigan, Illinois, and Appalachian. However, the original weakening of the continental lithosphere is suggested to have been caused by the introduction of a rising diaper (Haxby, Turcotte, Bird 1976). Erosional and weathered material from the nearby forming mountains were transported and deposited into the many basins west of the mountain belt. The sediment would continue to accumulate and accentuate the subsidence which was occurring and further deepen the basin.
The Surface/Landscape Change of Connecticut There are many processes that helped Connecticut's surface and landscape get its shape. Plate tectonics, glaciation, and weathering/erosion are all major factors to this slow process. As shown in page 86 of the science notebook, plate tectonics created many landforms, but two major landforms are the Connecticut river valley and the Appalachian mountains. The Connecticut river valley was created by divergent boundaries. Divergent boundaries are tectonic plates that split apart.
The Hawaiian Day Octopus is part of the mollusk family, and are closely related to squid, cuttlefish, and the Nautilus. They don’t have shells, but compensate with their extremely intelligent and ability to adjust color immediately to match their surroundings. When they are startled or leave a certain area, they release an ink cloud. The objective of this ink cloud is to distract possible predators, (*kind of like in Mario Kart when your screen gets inked). They can also squeeze themselves into tiny cracks.
During the classical period, the Indian Ocean Basin was filled with diversity and assortment. The development of cross-cultural exchanges in the Basin brought new ideas, technologies, items, and different ways of thinking. During this evolving new era, multicultural exchanges of trade and religion were the most prominent in the Indian Ocean Basin. Cross-cultural exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin mainly included trade and religion. Firstly, document one and four explained the cross cultural interaction of the Indian Ocean Basin through trade.
The Earth’s crust has several moving pieces. They are composed of a variety of igneous metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The tectonic plates are always colliding or pulling apart, creating mountains. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur at the edge of these tectonic plates because of the impact of the plate movements are greatest there.
The poorly sorted nature of the conglomerates, considered with the inclusion of wood fragments in the older conglomerate members and the graded sandstones and mudstones throughout the formation suggest deposition occurred through successions of debris flows. Presence of volcanics in the lithic fragments further indicate volcanic activity in the process of sedimentation as well—as debris flows associated with lahars are the likely source of the slope failures. Deposition environment was moderate to deep marine, as mudstone deposits require low energy depositional environment, but the style of sedimentation indicate deposition was not on a continental shelf. This is further supported by inclusion of the large overturned clast from an older member within the formation. Cross-bedding, graded bedding, and scouring surfaces provide 3 lines of evidence establishing the northern contact of the formation as the original upward oriented surface.
Marine organisms are animals, plants, and other living things that live in the ocean. A Marine biologist is a scientist who studies marine organisms and studies the bodies, behavior, and the history of marine organisms. They also study how marine organisms interact with each other and their environment. I have chosen to research about Marine biology because I would like to learn about sea life, the ocean, and its surrounding environment. To start off, a Marine biologist might study coral, crabs, fish, microscopic marine organisms, sea stars, seaweed, squid, or whales.
Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan recounts the event of the Partition of India, which happened in 1947. Set in a fictional village of Mano Majra, the novel aims to depict the cultural and political clash between the Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims and, by following the development of the characters, unveil the moral of humanity. Throughout the novel, Singh portrays the experience of conflict that each character, including Juggut Singh, Iqbal Singh, and Hukum Chand, has to deal with. Based on the characters’ development, Singh’s goal is to present the idea that love always conquers the power of violence and ethnic antagonism. Singh starts off with a description of the Partition and of Mano Majra, a habitat for Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims.
Modern human life is polluting the world. The products that make our life livable, are a big threat to the oceans. Even places that are untouched by mankind, are experiencing the effects of pollution. Entire populations of fish species are being wiped out by overfishing, not even mentioning the species caught as bycatch. The oceans suffer a lot from pollution as well.
The topic of this research paper will cover over Ocean Acidification and the effects on marine ecosystems. Ocean acidification is the decrease in pH levels of the Earth 's oceans, due to overbearing carbon dioxide being brought by the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is drawn by seawater, where the chemical reactions take place, which minimize the pH levels in the ocean, the carbonate levels and the important calcium carbonate which these sea creatures need. When carbon dioxide disperses in this ocean, it causes the levels of acidity to rise towards the the surface, where most shell growth in marine animals have been stopped and has created the cause of reproductive disorders in multiple fish. Part of the problem with ocean acidification is human activity.
The ocean… The sound of the waves applauding and hugging the shore. The internal sounds of the body out in the world’s biggest swimming pool. The echo of my sister’s laughter. The salty smell so strong that one can taste it dancing on ones taste buds.
Physical Geography There are two unique landforms in China. One is Gobi Desert, and other one is Tibetan highlands. Gobi Desert Gobi Desert occupy the north and Mongolia in the 500 thousand square miles of land in China. Different from many deserts, there is no dunes in Gobi, it consisted of bare rock, similar to South Dakota. The temperature in Gobi is rising in the summer, however winter temperatures will decline to below the freezing point, the first snow will drop in September.