Homer Plessy: The Separate Car Act (1890)

On the front lines in Europe longer than any other American unit, the African-American 369th Regiment triumphed in battle and was recognized for courage and resilience by much of the American public. Yet, the mere existence of a segregated all-Black unit and the mixed reception of these soldiers during and after the war, testify to the entrenched mistreatment of Blacks in America and the ingrained White supremacy attitudes of Americans. Even when they served in segregated units, the presence of Black men in uniform threatened the racial hierarchy and unnerved Whites, which worsened the treatment of people of color. Despite the success of the regiment, their fame did not advance them individually, or the status of Blacks more broadly. Furthermore,

separate railway cars for both colored and white persons. The act further went on to describe that these railway care are supposed to be equal but may be separate and that person of each color should sit in the designated car. Mr. Justice Brown went on to explain that the second section of the act describes the punishment for anyone who wishes to occupy a car that is not I their designated area, those punishments are either a fine of $25 or could lead to imprisonment for no more than 20 days. The driver also has the power to deny services to any person who does not follow these two sections and they will not be liable for damages in the courts. Justice Brown further stated that it is not able to be known that Plessy was 7/8 Caucasian so based on his appearances he was directed to the colored car and that was appropriate.

Plesssy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of education both dealt with one of America 's biggest problems segregation. Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education both delt with segregation, Plessy v. Ferguson was on the Louisiana rail road act, Brown v. Board of Education was on the separate but equal clause, and they were both related. In Plessy v. Ferguson was a dispute between on Louisiana rail road act which made it illegal for whites and blacks to sit together in a rail car. Homer Plessy was a man who severed as the vice president for the Justice, Protective, Educational and Social Club in New Orleans.

Also, I will be explaining what the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was. January of 1854 Sen. Stephen Douglas wrote a bill that would divide the land in the west of Missouri into two states Nebraska and Kansas. Douglas wanted popular sovereignty for both states; this would allow the residents of the two states to vote on if slavery would be legal in new states. Groups against slavery were against Douglas’s push for popular sovereignty, because without the ability to vote slavery would not be allowed in the new

Homer Plessy was a brave man willing to stand up against southern Jim Crow laws, and that is fate in the Supreme Court is unfair. The Separate Car Act dictates that separate races must sit in separate cars, which is segregatory, and passed by the state of Louisiana. This is in direct violation of the 14th, and rightfully deserved to be challenged. African Americans everywhere should be able to use their rights earned by four long years of bloodshed, and not be dampened by the courts. But the court overlooked the fact that it was an state law, and not private policy, and deemed the segregation private and thus legal.

Suneri Kothari November 11, 2015 AP US Gov. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Background & Climate: This case occurred in 1950s, a period during which there was much racial segregation and inequality for colored people. Children attended different schools based on color: black children did not go to the same school as white children. There was also separation between the two races in other public places such as restaurants and trains. This segregation was legal in 1954 because of the “separate but equal” doctrine that resulted from the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case, among other factors.

The Ashurst-Sumners Act of 1935 banished the offer of jail products in interstate trade, keeping states from offering merchandise delivered from detainee work to clients in different states. It looked to prevent prisoner fabricated products from flooding the business sector and undermining free work. It likewise required that any items detainees made would be stamped as needs be for outside spots that allowed their

Slavery ended in the year 1964 by Abraham Lincoln passing the 13th amendment. The 13th amendment was passed on January 31, 1864, and was officially ratified by the end of the year on December 6th. About three years later the 14th amendment was passed on July 9, 1868. This amendment gave all citizens born in the United States the rights of life, liberty and property. The 15th amendment was passed on February 3, 1870, stating that any black male wanting to vote would not denied the rights All of these amendments were huge to the African Americans.

In 1865 there were many rumors that had spread among the slaves about the Emancipation Proclamation.(which had been signed two years before) The Emancipation Proclamation declared that all slaves in the 11 Rebel states were free. In 1865 the Thirteenth amendment was passed which freed all slaves in the US. The Thirteenth amendment took about a year to be ratified and fully enforced.

New York is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse cities in the world and therefore many people consider it to be a great melting pot. However, considering the origins of the term “melting pot” this claim can be disputed. In his play The Melting Pot (1908) famous British author Israel Zangwill used the term “melting pot” as a metaphor to describe a fusion of nationalities, cultures and ethnicities. Even tough New York City is indeed very ethnically diverse, with respect to the actual mixing of ethnicities it is not as fused as often thought because in reality the city is still very segregated with many neighborhoods dominated by a single ethnic group. As Mireya Navarro, housing reporter for the New York Times, points out: “New

“What can more certainly arouse race hate, what more certainly create and perpetuate a feeling of distrust between these races, than state enactments which, in fact, proceed on the ground that colored citizens are so inferior and degraded that they cannot be allowed to sit in public coaches occupied by white citizens?”- John Marshall Harlan. On May 18, 1896, the Supreme court passed the separate but equal act on a vote of 7-1. This allowed separate facilities to be made for whites and blacks. This was the result of the Plessy vs Ferguson case, where a man was forced out of a whites-only car because he had African descent. The Supreme court couldn’t find any differences in the train cars, yet separate facilities for blacks had a decrease in quality.

Trough out the 1960, the goal for racial became priority for many Afro-Americans who suffer from segregation or also called Jim Crow. After the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision in 1896, all Afro-Americans will need to obey the law that stated separation of facilities or known as “separate but equal”. Since the 1900s, association like the NAACP fought for the equality in education, politics and economy in America between the races, in 1960 the nonviolent propaganda became a way to stop the segregation and start living as the constitution stated, with equality and freedom (Document 1). In 1954 the famous Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education the NAACP and Thurgood Marshall won against segregation when there was a concern about

Race has been a major concern in America for centuries. These cases occur between the whites and the other minority groups. The pioneer groups in this act are the whites who tend to view the other minority groups as people who should not belong in America. In some places the cases are very severe and some of the social amenities have been forced to have a division between those for the minorities and those for the majority groups. “This discrimination has led to the many groups to rise upon and fight against the issue” (Eddie S Glaude 51).