The Influence Of Urban Hostile Architecture

If one breaks the laws, there are consequences that they face. If there were no laws, then freedom would exist. The general public does not have the right to define freedom because the ruling class owns and defines what freedom is. Freedom is neither tangible nor obtainable because according to B. F. Skinner he stated that “People identify the state of absolute freedom as one in which aversive control is absent: that is, if there is no apparent oppression, then people imagine themselves free”. I agree with Skinner because the general public is nothing more than “Happy Slaves”, we are molded by hidden controls (laws) and don’t even realize it.

Anderson discussed the Code of the Street as it pertains to inter-city morality, assessing that these attitudes either fall in the categories of decent or violent (Duncan, pg. 111). The “Code of the Street” is what Anderson would classify as the violent and is used as the law of the street that governs the community behavior particularly interpersonal violence and aggression. In the areas that fall into the arena of “Street Code” opportunities are limited due to the social isolation and economic oppression of these communities (Duncan, pg. 112). Due to the moral internalization of adult males to provide adequate financial support to their families, when social isolation creates a loss of jobs and opportunity the adult male is unable to adequately provide for his

One of the most analyzed theories in criminology today is the social learning theory. The social learning theory derives from the differential association theory by Dr. Edward Sutherland. The social learning theory of criminology says that individuals learn from the community around them. This happens in two ways by differential association and differential reinforcement. Differential association is the theory that individuals learn values and behaviors related with crime.

As Gladwell mentions that the broken window theory and the graffiti on the subway are serious problems, so Gladwell mention a way that “Because he believed that, like graffiti, fare-beating could be a signal, a small expression of disorder that invite much more serious crime” (153) and “the team would nab fare-beaters one by one, handcuff them, and leave them standing”(154) “Graffiti” and “fare-beating” are like broken window theory, if nobody cares the problems, then, the problem will still exist and become more seriously. So handcuff people without paying a token is a method to renovate the system and change their minds. As the renovation, people will change their minds and not be evading the system again. As lots of people being handcuff,

Individuals need to find a way to deal with their environment. In “The Power of Context,” Malcolm Gladwell introduces the power of environment and how society influences people’s behaviors. He suggests The Broken Windows Theory, which argues that crime is contagious because little acts of crime, such as graffiti and broken windows, develop into bigger crimes, such as murder. This is reinforced in “How to Tell a True War Story” by Tim O’Brien, because the piece explores how people deal with the negative affects of war. In "Wisdom," Robert Thurman introduces how important “selflessness” is.

The broken window theory states that the presence of a broken window will encourage crime. Initially, it will start off small, such as littering and vandalism, but it will gradually grow if not stopped earlier. These hate crimes against the LGBT community, frequently occur in areas with a high crime rate. Unfortunately, there are places where it is generally accepted to hate the LGBT group. In such places, it can be extremely difficult to seek support and due to that, the hate crime against them keeps rising.

Society within the boundary unites against those outside the boundary, therefore strengthening the solidarity of the society. According to sociologists, crime is a function of inequality. The more inequality seen in a society, the more crime

Just like with Strain Theory, an individual who has broken a rule, which in some case could be just looking or acting different, cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed by those in power and will be regarded as an

In today’s chaotic world, police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. Police brutality is an ongoing concern of the United States as many innocent lives have been taken due to the corrupt police system. Law enforcement must function as well as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. Police brutality is one of the most serious, enduring, and divisive human rights violations in the United States. This is a problem that is nationwide, and it usually affects individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation.

Structuralism, as stated by Ajandi, examines inequities in power by revealing structures as the root of problems, rather than the individual (2018). Structuralism influences on AOP; it defines itself through structural power and its wrath of inequalities on those unlike the dominant group. AOP upholds the idea of relieving the sense of blame the individual holds and identifies their problems stem from the structures and systems put in place with the intent of discriminating against them. Anti-oppressive practice goes one step further with the concepts of structuralism by expressing the dire need for communication. According to Wilson & Beresford (2000), anti-oppressive practice promotes knowledge and expertise in each situation with every different service user, as no two situations require the exact same theories and practices.

It happens in the city, and it also happens in white-collar neighborhoods. Flores’s story is imperative for Americans to understand that they must be aware of the dangers and must “sharpen your claws against wrong doing, against human suffering.” (Flores,

Through the examination of urban activism and transformation, the accommodation of illegalized migrants may be improved. Urban protests and activist practices may be considered radical, which may affect the effectiveness of this approach to foster urban belonging. However, Bauder’s layers of possibility are intriguing in its relationship to transformation of cities. The author’s utopian imagination gives interesting insight into the idea of sanctuary cities and the possibility of urban belonging.