Enzyme Activity Level Lab Report

The instructions for the order of amino acids are made by the genes in an organisms cell. A process called DNA transcription makes up the sequence of the amino acids and then a specific protein is produced. Each protein structure has a specific function in it. Changing the structure will then change its function since it rearranges everything in the protein structure. Proteins are there for an essential part of the body, since it helps form body tissues, like muscles, organs and is used within many biological processes as well.

Literature review Research question is how different temperatures affect the catalase enzyme. What is an enzyme? Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Substrates are molecules that enzymes could act upon and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.

Enzymes are homogeneous biological catalyst that work by lowering the activation of a reaction pathway or providing a new pathway with a low activation energy. Enzymes are special biological polymers that contain an active site, which is responsible for binding the substrates, the reactants, and processing them into products. As is true of any catalyst, the active site returns to its original state after the products are released. Many enzymes consist primarily of proteins, some featuring organic or inorganic cofactors in their active sites. However, certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can also be biological catalysts, forming ribozymes.

Enzymes are one the most powerful catalysts and play an important role in living organisms as they allow reactions which would normally require extreme temperatures to occur in all living cells without destroying the organic matter. For a chemical reaction to occur a minimum threshold must be exceeded for a process to occur. This is the activation energy. Enzymes catalyse reactions by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction which allows the reaction to happen at lower temperatures. Enzymes are proteins and have a specific shape for its specific function.

They are proteins that are complexly folded to allow smaller molecules to fit into them; this active site is where substrate molecules bind. Enzymes must collide with one another at a precise position with enough activation energy. The active site must bind to the reacting molecule, or the substrate (1). Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require lower activation energy. The activity of an enzyme is affected by its environmental factors, and any change results in an alteration in the rate of the reaction caused by the enzyme (2).

INTRODUCTION: DNA as well as Proteins are very essential macromolecules for any living cell. They are involved in various bio-molecular function, hence very essential for any living being. DNA protein interaction is one of the key biological function in a living cell. This type of interaction is happened during replication, transcription, translation, recombination, DNA repair, etc. DNA is a negatively charged macro molecule.

Their use is vital for life as they work in important parts of the body. The reactions that enzymes catalyze include digestion and metabolism. All enzymes of made of proteins.They are folded into complicated shapes in order to allow smaller molecules (substrate) to fit into them. The place at which the enzyme and substrate combine is called the active site. There are several factors affecting enzyme activity.

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Then, another or the same enzyme reacts with the intermediate to form the final product.2 The rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions is influenced by different environmental conditions, such as: concentration

However, because ABCD4 may co-localize with LMBD1 in the lysosomes it was proposed that the translocation mediated by LMBD1 and regulated by ABCD4. How B12 is handled within the cell from the point of lysosomal exit until its usage as a coenzyme or its export from the

Introduction to Bioinformatics Fig.1:-Branches of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is a type of interdisciplinary field which has all developed method and software tools for all the biological data and to understand it. Bioinformatics is a combination of many fields of subjects to study and for the processing of the biological data. Bioinformatics are used repeatedly in the fields of genetics and genomics. Commonly it is used for the identification of genes and nucleotides of a particular person. It is based on the organizational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences.

Assess your progress number 15 Describe the functions of proteins in the body. The body uses essential and nonessential amino acids to synthesize proteins. Proteins perform numerous functions in human body, like collagen provides structural strength in connective tissue, as keratin in the skin, and the combination of actin and myosin makes muscle contraction possible. Enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions, and protein hormones regulate many physiological processes. Proteins in the blood prevent changes in pH promote coagulation factors, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.