Millennium Development Case Study

II. Introduction

The United Nations Millennium Declaration adopted by world leaders in 2000 did acknowledge equity and equality as critical values in stating among other things: “in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies, we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level.” The goals of the Millennium Development have been instrumental in mobilizing the international community around the fight against poverty in all its forms since 2001 and have contributed to huge progress in development.

The 193 countries agreed on the Millennium Development Goals, which, among other targets, aim to reduce the proportion of people living on $1.25 a day by

However, domestic policies - too often prioritizing fiscal consolidation over social expenditure and price stability over growth - have also played a very important role.

In addition, within-country disparities in education, health and nutrition remain very high in many countries. Why is that the case? Income inequality remains a major driver of non-income inequality, but other factors, such as the quality of governance, social spending and social norms, matter as well. This is particularly evident for inter-group forms of discrimination, such as those based on gender, location or other identity features such as ethnicity or religion.

There is nothing inevitable about growing income inequality; the experience of numerous Asiatic countries—one of these is Malaysia shows that it is possible to reduce income inequality through policy interventions while maintaining strong growth. Using the right measures to address the global drivers, related to trade, financial flows and migration, and much more could be

triple relationship between poverty, inclusiveness and economic growth

The growing interest for the mechanism of the triangle relation between the social and economic inclusion policies that go “beyond the GDP” and the poverty can perhaps be viewed as mutual relation at the three dimension that occur between the economic growth , the poverty and the inclusiveness .

The growth of income remains the focus of much of the policy and media buzz, but many voices, call for redirecting policy goals toward the population’s well-being. The Inclusive Growth Initiative is very ambitiously proposes to develop new measures of social progress and challenges economists to shift their interests from the theory of growth toward a broader (and, presumably, interdisciplinary) theory of social well-being.

If poverty hampers growth, then ceteris paribus countries with higher initial poverty should grow less rapidly than comparable countries with lower poverty. And Countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less