Human Experimentation In The 1900's

Since ancient times, Smallpox has devastated the world, killing millions of people. Often referred to as the speckled monster, the smallpox disease originated in the new world when Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors and early English settlers arrived in the Americas. Although there had been attempts to cure the disease, including variation, (that came from Asia 2,000 years ago), they all had a high risk of death. It wasn’t until 1796, when Edward Jenner, a English paleontologist came up with a new form of vaccine, it was called inoculation.

From 1939 to 1945, Nazi doctors and physicians conducted roughly 70 research experiments, many resulting in death. These cruel experiments were normally conducted in concentration camps. The Nazis had three main areas of research: survival and rescue of german troops, testing of new pharmaceuticals and medical procedures, and experiments trying to confirm Nazi racial ideology. Some of the doctors involved in these experiments were: Karl Brandt, who was Hitler's personal physician and the major general for health and sanitation. Sigmund Rascher conducted high altitude and freezing experiments. Dr. Josef Mengele conducted experiments on twins.Dr.Kurt Heissmeyer worked to find a possible cure/immunity to tuberculosis. Dr. Carl Clauberg was the first Nazi doctor to successfully treat a woman for infertility, leading to Heinrich Himmler conducting artificial insemination experiments. And lastly Dr. Eppinger

Everyone who has learned about World War II should know about the Holocaust. The Holocaust was during the same period of World War II. “What is it called the Holocaust?” you may ask. The Holocaust originates from the Greek language and means “completely burnt offering to God.” How does this relate to the Holocaust where almost 8 million Jewish people died? In this essay, you will be informed about the main leader of the Nazis, why saying that Hitler only captured Jews is historically inaccurate, concentration camp treatment, and five atrocious experiments done by the Nazi soldiers to innocent prisoners.

“In the late 1800 and early 1900's, infectious diseases were the most serious threat to health and well being.” Until the late 1900’s the leading cause of death was communicable diseases. As doctors gain more knowledge about medicine the death rate of those disease has substantially decreased. The three main illnesses of the 1800’s-1900’s were scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and chicken pox, yet a positive outcome from these horrendous sicknesses were antibiotics, remedies, and vaccines.

Edward Jenner, an english doctor found a less risky form of variation. He learned that cowpox, a milder form of smallpox, they wouldn’t develop smallpox.

The 18th century had been a world of unknown scientific and medical exploration. Across the globe, many kingdoms and countries had faced a similar complication that baffled even the most educated physicians and politicians. Every summer civilians would meet with their local doctors and grumble about their bodily issues, but each doctor had discovered the same symptoms. On August 3, 1793 the city of Philadelphia had a devastating disease lurking in the streets and alleyways. Jim Murphy, an American author of “An American Plague”, is an author to more than 35 nonfiction and fiction books for children and young adults, also winning multiple awards for his accurate and such accomplished work. The variety of subjects in history to choose from had

The question if HeLa cells could infect experimenters is raised by Chester Southam. By injecting prisoners from the Ohio State Penitentiary system, Southam discovers that a healthy immune system can fight cancer. However, his tests infect hundreds without their consent or knowledge introducing the significance of informed consent. The Number code was introduced and “written in response to Nazi war crimes, and stated that informed consent for research is absolutely essential.” However, The U.S. did not adopt the code because no one wanted to prevent scientific

Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: the great smallpox epidemic of 1775-82, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001). Pages, ix, 384, index, bibliography. Review by Samantha Pilcher.

Disease, one of the major killers of the 18th and 19th Century. Hundreds of thousands across the world have died from numerous infectious disease that spread as fast as wildfire. One of the most notorious examples of a plague that spread and wiped out a third of europe was the Bubonic Plague or its common name, the Black Death. How do we keep diseases such as the Bubonic Plague from wiping out the developing new world known as America? What disease could cause cause such panic and uproar that hundreds of citizens to flee from their city to avoid it?

In this experiment, researchers took advantage of the lack of medical knowledge that existed within the public. In particular, the Public Health Service conducted the experiment on 600 African American men in order to record the natural history of syphilis. Although the researchers told the men that they were being treated for “bad blood”, which is a term encompassing several illnesses including syphilis, fatigue, and anemia, they did not receive the proper treatment needed to cure their ailments. Men were inclined to participate in the experiment because they received free meals, free medical exams, and burial insurance in turn. However, despite the men consenting to the experiment, there is no proof that verifies that the men were properly informed about the study and its purpose. In fact, the men were not provided enough information to properly consent to the experiment. Even when the cure for syphilis was discovered in 1947, researchers did not offer the medication to their subjects. Consequently, researchers abused their powers by recruiting test subjects that were unaware of the real purpose of their study. In this scenario, the medical knowledge of the researchers gave them power and an unjust advantage over their ignorant subjects. Researchers proved their corruption when this study, originally projected to last only 6 months, lasted instead for 40

In 1932, government doctors conducted a medical experiment known as the Tuskegee study. It took place in Macon County, Alabama. The Public Health Service launched 6 projects in the South in predominately poor black communities. One project took place in Macon County. The doctors were determined to diagnose as many as 10,000 people. By the end of 1931 there was not enough money to continue the program and therefore the doctors left. Public Health Service officials were anxious to benefit from the abandoned program. The head of the VD division Teleford Clark had a plan. If there was not enough money for this program then perhaps there was funding for less expensive research. He proposed Macon County as the ideal site for a 6 month study of untreated

The particular weapon or better yet biological microorganism that I have chosen to outline this week is that of a particularly nasty strain of disease which has wiped out an unknown multitude of people throughout history. This infectious disease, known as the genus Orthopoxvirus, from the the family Poxviridae and subfamily of chordopoxvirinae, is potentially believed to have laid to waste whole civilizations of people. It also goes by the name “Red Plague”, or in more common parlance, “The Smallpox Virus.”

Though these tests may be considered unethical, it is close minded thinking. Tests have to be conducted on people to provide correct information to help individuals everywhere. Whether it be injecting a child with pus, exposing the human body to different conditions, or making vaccines to incurable diseases, it has aided individuals for a better future. These tests have provided pills, shots, and a better understanding of the human body. Human experimentation has widely impacted the lives of those who are living to this

There are numerous amounts of diseases all over the world. In the present time, these diseases are cured or contained by vaccines. A couple centuries ago, doctor Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796. He discovered this vaccine by observing his ambiance. Jenner realized that milkmaids (tend to cattle) frequently contracted cowpox, but after they convalesced they were immune to the deadlier disease smallpox. So Jenner said, “Why not infect people with cowpox to confer immunity to the more dangerous disease.” With his research, he got the pus from a milkmaid who had cowpox and put it on a small healthy eight-year-old boys cut. Eventually, the boy was infected with cowpox, how Jenner predicted. When he was done recovering, Jenner

If someone searches human experimentation online it will tell you that human experimentation can be broadly defined as anything done to an individual to learn how it will affect him or her afterwards. Experimentation on a human being is the experimentation of humans to help find cures and to help fight off things like illnesses or diseases. It can also help provide us with the medicine and knowledge of what medication should be used to treat the injury or illness medication treats things. Like headaches, sore muscles, injuries, and many more things. There is a lot of debate over human experimentation and whether it is right, if it works, or if it is needed at all. Experimentation on humans, while sometimes beneficial, often has resulted