CEE 313L HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
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Hydraulics Laboratory
Table of Contents
Objective 1
Results 2
Discussion 4
Summary and Conclusion 5
Works Cited 5
Appendix 5
Data Sheet 6
Sample Calculations 7
Objective
The purpose of this laboratory was to familiarize students with the concepts of open flow channel. In this case, the principles of fluid mechanics were applied in the study triangular and rectangular weirs.
Results As shown in the table below, a reduction in manometer reading corresponds to a decrease in the value of μ. In a similar fashion, the % θ also decreases
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Ordinarily, an increase in depth resulted into a corresponding increase in the channel flow. Equally important, the log paper was valuable to plotting the power function (i.e. Q = a[H]b) on a straight line. The percentage error in the experiment was 7.21%. Since the value is negligible, it can be concluded that the sources of errors were minimal.
Summary and Conclusion In a nutshell, the lab managed to meet its sole objective. However, systematic errors occurred during the experiment. These errors can be minimized by making sure that the orifice meter is calibrated accurately.
References
Cochard, Hervé. "The Basics of Plant Hydraulics." JPH 1 (2014): 001. Web.
Mitchell, Patrick J. and Dale Worledge. "Fine-Scale Mapping of Sapwood Anatomical Properties Reveals Plasticity in Hydraulics During Water Deficit." JPH 2 (2015): 003. Web.
Tanaka, Gaku. "Hydraulics education for beginners." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. h (engineering education and practice) 1 (2009): 85-93. Web.
Appendix
Copy of Original Data from the Lab
Weir % θ μ L (inches) w θ (degrees) Manometer reading
Triangle 100 12 21.25 90 6.0 120.9 4.75 757 108.3 4.5 595 97.7 4.325 488 87.3 4.25 393 78.5 4.0 309 70.3 3.75 252 63.3 3.625 211
Rectangle 100 21 122.7 3.0
In the first part of the experiment, Part A, the standard solutions were prepared. As a whole, the experiment was conducted by four people, however, for Part A, the group was split in two to prepare the two different solutions. Calibrations curves were created for the standard solutions of both Red 40 and Blue 1. Each solution was treated with a serial 2-fold dilution to gain different concentrations of each solution.
Introduction For two days, on the 14th and 15th of April, a field excursion to Hastings Point, New South Wales was conducted. At Hastings Point, topography, abiotic factors and organism distribution were measured and recorded, with the aim of drawing links between the abiotic factors of two ecosystems (rocky shore and sand dunes), the organisms which live in them, and the adaptations they have developed to cope with these conditions. Within these two ecosystems, multiple zones were identified and recorded, and this report also aims to identify the factors and organisms associated with each zone. Lastly, using data and observations from the past, predictions for the future of the rock pool ecosystem were made.
Next, this test was repeated for tubes C-E. Following the completion of the tests, all test tubes, pipets, and well plates were cleaned out and liquid waste was disposed of in the proper container. Once all data was collected, results were shared in class. Following this, all previous steps were repeated for the second and third stage. Following the end of all 3 stages.
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The mimosa is a prime subject for this testing as its reflex behavior is observably quick enough to document the reactions; upon contact, the fernlike leaves of the plant recoil from the touch. This behavior is likely used as a defense mechanism to scare off insects but in the study, it was used to measure the plants’ responses and help to conclude if they were adapting to the conditions. The experiment Gagliano conducted tested nearly five dozen mimosa plants’ reactions to being dropped a small distance every few seconds. Gagliano noted how the organisms initially reacted by folding up but after only a few drops, the leaves began to reopen. The ecologist took this as evidence that the mimosa plants recognized that there was no harm in this particular movement and “had concluded that the stimulus could be safely ignored” (Pollan).
An error that had been encountered by the group was that the tube was accidentally pulled out of the collecting bottle while the reaction was occurring in the test tube, causing the group to lose some of the gas to the surrounding air before the tube was inserted back into the collecting bottle. This error caused the volume of the gas collected to appear lower than the volume of the gas that was released in
The effect of the random errors from this experiment might due to the inaccurate timing as the reflect time to stop the stopwatch when 30cm3 of carbon dioxide is collected in 100mL measuring cylinder is often various from time to time. Time may be longer or shorter than the actual time taken to collect 30cm3 of carbon dioxide. This will then lead to the wrongly calculation of the rate of reaction as the formula of the rate of reaction is: Rate of reaction=1/(Time taken to collect 30.0cm³ of carbon dioxide (s)) Next, the sources of the random errors in this experiment are the variation in eye level when taking the readings of a measuring cylinder to collect 30cm³of carbon dioxide and the widely spaced graduation mark on a 100mL measuring
We also looked at outliers (results that are odd and to not math with other trial of same concentration), that may have occurred due to errors such as reaction error or random error etc. We fixed these trials but repeating those trials again and neglecting the outlier. To make sure the investigation was as accurate as possible; we kept results that were between 0.1cm difference. Another way we made sure the experiment was fairly tested and valid was by prevented parallax error. We prevented this by making sure to read scales accurately, such as when measuring the volume in the measuring cylinder and measuring the height of foam/ gas produced by the breaking down of h2o2 using
All sources I have used in this paper, are from the Internet. I have compared information from different angles to try to get a comprehensive and “objective” view of the experiment. A main source of information is the report from Dr Zimbardo whom was in charge of the experiment. Information is also collected from
Discussion: Many of our most important enzyms, hormones, and chemical process are all made possible by the presence of protiens. We can build protiens in our bodies or injest them in the food we eat. Tryptophane and tyrosine were some protein amino side chains that we specifically identified in the lab. Some everyday foods that contain high contents of tryptophane are egg whites, fish, and seeds. While some common foods that are high in tyrosine are cheese, milk, and tofu.
Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report By: Jettica Williams BIOL 1107 Lab September 21, 2016 Prepared for Mrs. Fulford Lab Course Page Break The cell membrane act as a roadblock for cells. The cell membrane has a very hectic job. It restricts the access to what comes in and what goes out. The bond the membrane shares with others is the idea of accountability.
For example, in the response experiment, a yeast solution was prepared without sugar mistakenly and thus had to be prepared again. This suggests that other errors in preparation and measurement could have been encountered. For the future, careful measurements using clean uncontaminated flasks would eliminate possibilities of such error. A source of error for the metabolism experiment involves the yeast’s yellow hue. It is possible that the color of the yeast caused the solution to look more
Background Information: In this experiment I will be investigating the impact of light intensity on the rate of water uptake, due to transpiration, by attaching a shoot from a leafy plant in the capillary tube of a potometer, and then measuring how long it takes for a bubble to move a set distance. The faster the bubble moves, the greater the rate of transpiration. I will be placing one plant in an environment where it is exposed to high-light intensities, and another plant in an environment where it is exposed to low-light intensities. Transpiration is the process of the transport of water and nutrients up the the plant from the roots to the leaves.
Water in the pond will be released slowly back to the river after the flood flow has
Introduction Plants are a major necessity in the balance of nature, people’s lives, and our terrain. We may not realize it, but plants are the ultimate source of food for almost 95% of the world population so says the National Group of Food. It’s a fact that over 7,000 species of plants are being consumed today. Plants are one of the reasons that we get clean water; as they help regulate the water cycle.