Immigrant Ethnic Enclaves: A Case Study
ownership Singh & Denoble, (2004). According to Waldinger, Aldrich and Ward (1990) highlight that, if migrants are active in the primary market, which is the four possible factors:
- Lower-developed markets that businesses have neglected;
- Their business ownership has little economies of scale;
- Their market is characterised by different food;
- Their market segment is aimed at immigrant only.
Majority immigrant business owners involve in the ethnic limited products, which is represented by importation and exportation of, or retail stores for, migrant’s goods and services Butler and Green, (1997). Most authors have stated that ventures begun by migrant business owners are minor and generate little growths of income Butler and Greene, (1997). It is also stated that immigrant innovative businesses are of little low-ranking than income jobs.
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This has been hypothesized as „ethnic enclave theory‟ Altinay, (2008). The phrase “ethnic enclave” means areas that migrants are hired by owners of identical nationality Lee, (2003). The enclave theory centres on naturally self-confine migrant groups inner part of urban location Butler and Greene, (1997). Ethnic enclaves of business owners are made of three important aspects which include: entrepreneurial knowledge, possessions, and the availability of ethnic employment Lee, (2003). In most cases, common instances have been seen in Chinatowns in majority U.S. towns; Korean group in Los Angeles. and Cuban group in Miami Lee, (2003). Zhou and Logan (1989) stated in their studies on migrant labour market benefits in the location of Chinese migrants in New York City. They established that migrant workers in ethnic enclaves had many openings of boosting their income, in comparison along the studies done by Sanders and Nee (1987). According to Nee, Sanders and Sernau (1994) mentioned that Asian migrants
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