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Immigrants Migration

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The effect of market structure on immigrants’ integration is not empirically clear and differs between studies that use various dependent variables. Some studies argue that in liberal welfare states with flexible labor markets (Kogan, 2006) and less strict product market regulation (Huber, 2015), immigrants’ employment disadvantages are smaller. That is, high levels of centralized wage bargaining and union density are related to worse labor market outcomes for immigrants relative to natives, even after controlling for compositional effects (Huber, 2015). For instance, Kogan (2006) finds that immigrants’ integration prospects improve in more flexible labor markets. She suggests that a higher degree of unionization may hamper immigrants’ labor

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