Immunological Malfunction Case Study Answers

This is caused by a b subunit attaching to a receptor on the membrane which inserts the A subunit which forces water out. Cholera was very significant in London in the Victorian times. This was later eradicated. Some bacteria are comparable to hackers as they can escape the body’s defense system/ primary immune response. In the example of Listeriosis the bacteria is able to avoid the destruction of itself in the phagocytosis process. It is able to escape through the membrane of the phagosome and seep out to the cytoplasm. The bacterium makes pores in the host’s membrane. The bacteria must break down the phagasome membrane to gain access to the host cells cytoplasm. In the phagosome is a gamma interferon which the bacteria makes use of which counteracts the activities of other enzymes. When we no longer have phagocytes the immune system

1. Innate immunity is referred as nonspecific immunity. There are two lines in this type of immunity: the first line of defense and the second line of defense. The reason why the innate immunity is referred as nonspecific because it defends against any and every type of pathogen. It does not target just one pathogen. This type of immunity includes mechanism like physical barriers, chemicals in the blood and internal pathogen-fighting cells and proteins.

Immunity is when a person is in a state of being resistant to a particular pathogen. The two types of defense are innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the defenses present at birth and always present to protect us against diseases. Innate immunity does not have a memory response but helps to prevent microbes from gaining access to the body and helps to eliminate those that enter the body. An example of the first line of defense is intact skin and an example of the second line of defense is fever. In an immunologically naïve host, viruses attach to the host cells (Tortora, & Funke, 2013).

2. Your immune system is constantly working to fight off foreign invaders. The body recognizes its own cells from foreign cells by protein markers or antigens. As the B and T cells form the can tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells. B and T cells help form a memory for your immune system.

Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the healthy tissues in the human body. The immune system is partly made of white blood cells that fight off disease, in lupus white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. This results in inflammation and damage to the various parts of the body, particularly of the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lung, blood vessels and brain.

In this NBC News article, “Planned Parenthood Will Pay Its Own Fetal Tissue Costs”, (NBC News). Anti- Abortion groups are furious with Planned Parenthood selling fetal tissue for profit and to maintain programs within this organization. The videos were released in mid-July by anti-abortion activists who called themselves the Center for Medical Progress (top right paragraph).

Bob M. is a 19-year-old Caucasian male who has 13 years of formal education and lives at home with his parents after recently flunking out of his first year of college. Bob’s parents, David and Ruth M., referred him for assessment due to concerns about his alcohol use and its apparent interference with his aspirations of becoming a chemical engineer. They report that Bob began drinking at age 12, experimentally at first; however, they have become excessively more concerned as Bob has aged. Bob arrived on time for the initial consultation with a neat appearance and full understanding as to why he was there. An assessment was conducted to determine a potential diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan, if necessary. Bob was cordial and compliant throughout the assessment.

The controversy over prenatal genetic screening has become a major issue among today’s society. Prenatal genetic screening occurs during the first and second trimester which allows physicians to diagnose the fetus by examining blood or other tissue to detect abnormalities (Sagerdo). Due to the scientific advancements in today’s society, the idea of genetic screening has been taken to the next level in forming the idea of a “super baby”. In the United States alone, between sixty-five to seventy percent of women have serum screening in order to evaluate the status of the developing fetus (Sagerdo). Often, when a disease is detected due to a genetic test many parents opt to have an abortion. As in any type of controversy, one of two sides are taken and one view point is usually more accepted than the other. In genetic screening, many believe that the negative effects outweigh the positives. Although prenatal genetic screening does offer some benefits, many ethical issues arise which are increased abortion rates, the idea of a “super baby” and religious values

An individual who is educated to support and help individuals and families understand genetic conditions.

Every year, millions of Americans receive immunizations. Schools require a number of vaccinations before enrollment, and a number of jobs also require you to be vaccinated. These measures are taken not only to protect yourself, but also those who you come in contact with. For example, workers in the medical field come in contact with a number of viruses and diseases everyday. Without vaccinations, these jobs could become very dangerous. On the other hand, some studies have linked vaccinations to autism, fatal allergic reactions, and other medical issues. Also, some religions stray away from immunizations. All of these factors raise a tough, ethical question to answer...Should certain vaccinations become mandatory?

The technology of designer babies is bliss for the couples who are unable to have children because they do not their genetic disease which they have. Through the process of pre implantation genetic diagnosis the embryos are scanned for genetic diseases and if found that it has inherited genetic disease the genetic makeup of the baby is changed so that the child could be born disease free. PGD can screen for about a dozen of the most serious genetic diseases including: cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs, various familial cancers, early onset Alzheimer’s, sickle cell disease, haemophilia, neurofibromatosis, muscular dystrophy, and Franconia’s anaemia. With further testing of the human genome it is said that nearly all of the genetic diseases could

Vaccinations save lives and minimize disease epidemics year after year. “More than 732,000 children’s lives have been saved in the past 20 years due to routine vaccinations, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, 322 million cases of kids getting sick were prevented” (Vaccination Has Saved 732,000 Children's Lives Since 1994, pp 1). There are currently 28 diseases that are avoidable through immunizations according to the article “Discussing Vaccination With Concerned Patients”. Widespread diseases have decreased to a minimum because of vaccinations. Small pox has been eradicated, with the last known case being in 1977. Near the turn of the century, there were only 162

Older adults are prone to develop fungal infections of the finger nails or toe nails (onychomycosis). Hands and feet should be thoroughly dried after becoming wet, with special attention to drying between the toes after the bath or shower. Nails should be cut straight across without rounding the edges. Wearing clean socks daily helps prevent fungal growth. In the toe nails, the condition may become quite painful. Treatment requires oral antifungal medication daily for several months or topical agents daily for a year or more.

A subchorionic hematoma is a gathering of blood between the outer wall of the placenta and the inner wall of the womb (uterus). The placenta is the organ that nourishes the unborn baby (fetus). The baby gets his or her blood supply and nutrients through the placenta.

The human body provides the ideal environment for the microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi to enter the body. Thus, it is the jobs of the immune system to keep them out by protect the body from the harmful substances. Immune system is when the networks of cells and tissues work together to defend the body against the foreign invaders.(Menche,2012 and National Institute Health,2003). According to the Latin word, immune come from the word immunis which is free or untouched. So it is mean that our body must free from the all pathogens that can lead to the diseases. The immune system also can recognize all the millions of the foreign invaders by attacking them and prevent them from enter the body, thus