Biology is the study of life and living organism include their structures , functions and processes while chemistry is the study of structures and interactions of atoms and molecules. Biochemistry is combination of biology and chemistry which is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemistry is mostly deal with the structures and functions of macromolecules such as carbohydrates , proteins , amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids which are the important components that needed for biological reaction in human. Biochemistry has given us so much knowledge that go on in living organisms. The study of biochemistry gives us the fundamental understanding of living world about how and what made up of living organisms as well as understand the concepts of functioning of various body processes and physiology of plants and animals. Life is one big network of activities where each components relies on all the others. By understanding the things inside living organisms , we are able to know what do our body need in order for us to survive and what will give negative impact to our body and its consequences . Biochemistry is the important …show more content…
Biochemistry leads us to an understanding of structures and functions of DNA which is the genetic carrier in all living organisms. In addition the development of biochemical techniques of DNA finger printing and DNA sequencing allow the genetic materials of organisms to be determined .Thus, identification of individual members of a population can be known by using genetic markers. This knowledge is truly beneficial in forensic investigations especially in serious crimes where this is limited evidence available. For example , a murder case where the evidences are hardly can be found. However, just a very small quantities of DNA that can be discovered on the tool which had been used or left by the criminal is enough to detect the identity of the
It can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. The more officers know how to use DNA, the more powerful a tool it becomes.” This proves that DNA evidence is very reliable and is hard evidence that cannot be argued upon. DNA is either found at the scene of the crime or isn’t.
In this paper I will be comparing contrasting two various aspects of forensic sciences used, and talking about the different tactics used to identify suspects; as well as the contrasts between the two methods. The man I will be talking about is John Wayne Gacy. The two methods I will be going over are, Finger print DNA and Forensic toxicology. These two are very similar, but made substantial differences in the evidence in his case. John Wayne Gacy was a murderer from Chicago, Illinois.
The leader of this group, named Deirdre, said that scanning extra objects for DNA is important, ”When I talked to DNA experts that they were saying, ‘Yeah, I mean, if you swab that and get some skin cells or saliva and it’s just random, you get no hit on anybody, well then it neither here nor there.’ But they were saying, ‘but if put it in and you get a hit on a serial killer… well now you got enough to charge and convict somebody.’ So what you call relevant and irrelevant you can only do once you have a test result” (111). Deirdre likes to test anything that could possibly lead them to another suspect in the crime. Not everyone in the detective business is, however, not like her.
DNA analysis could also be used in paternity cases to find out who the father/mother is. The child will have half the bands from the mother the other half from the father. Since the evidence was individual, the DNA matched only one person, Hector Hawk. This evidence is useful in the case because DNA from blood does not randomly get to the crime scene without the person being there. The blood was left behind after the victim was killed and cannot follow Locard's exchange principle because the blood is a liquid and cannot simply be traveled or exchanged by
Biology, the study of life and living organisms, is complex and encompasses a multitude of theories and ideas. In AP Biology, the first unit covered was evolution. Chapters 29, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 in the textbook, Campbell’s Biology in Focus, not only discusses the four main ideas of biology: evolution, energy, information, and systems, but it also gives examples of each in order to help guide the reader’s understanding of the concepts. The first big idea of AP Biology is: “the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.” Chapter 39 in the textbook encompasses this main idea through discussing natural selection and genetic diversity.
Today, the FBI has DNA records of more than 5 million convicted offenders in the database CODIS, or Combined DNA Index System. However, DNA fingerprinting has limitations: it is limited to directly connecting crimes to felons already in CODIS, has high risk of contamination, does not look at familial records, and only analyzes short pieces of DNA. With the advent of more affordable and high resolution genetic technologies after The Human Genome Project, over 35 million people have submitted their DNA to the largest direct-to-consumer genetic companies. Two companies, FamilyTreeDNA and GEDmatch, also allow law enforcement access to their databases. Thus, beginning investigative genetic genealogy, a new method of forensic investigation not only with higher resolution DNA information than DNA fingerprinting but also the capability of finding a suspect from distant relatives.
Although, in our lab report, suspect ones DNA matched the crime scene when cut with enzyme one, this can be explained by how closely related the two suspects are. Therefore two enzymes were used to cut the DNA; the suspect has to match both. Moreover, the limitation to DNA fingerprinting is, if a person were to have an identical twin. This is because identical twins have the same DNA because they come from the same egg. If a suspect’s DNA matched that of the one being tested, and they had an identical twin, a farther investigation would need to be done.
It has become a powerful tool in the criminal justice system, it provides conclusive evidence that can link a suspect to a crime, help free individuals who have been wrongfully convicted of crimes, and identify victims of crimes who are deceased. DNA evidence is analyzed through a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) this method allows for the smallest specks of any type of DNA. (Staff) In the criminal justice system, there are many ways that DNA evidence is used in we use it to Identify suspects, DNA evidence collected from a crime scene is sent off and compared to DNA samples collected from suspects or from a DNA database. To determine if a suspect's DNA matches the DNA found at the crime scene.
In King, Justice Kennedy referred to the invention of DNA technology as “one of the most significant scientific advancements of our era.” This statement has been criticized, but the impact of DNA technology has been significant. Currently, forensic analysts can use “junk” DNA to identify a person with near certainty. Law enforcement can collect a person’s DNA through saliva. The sample is then uploaded to CODIS, a national network of DNA databases.
One of the most accurate methods of connecting a suspect with a crime is through the use of DNA analysis. Even if no fingerprints are left behind at a robbery, for instance, a single strand of hair or skin cell from the thief can be used to positively identify a suspect. Conversely, if a suspect’s DNA does not match samples procured from a crime scene, the use of so-called “genetic fingerprinting” can exonerate, or clear, them. Concern over the issue of wrongful convictions, coupled with a sense of greater trust in DNA analysis over other, more conventional methods of prosecution, such as eyewitness testimony, has led some to call for mandatory DNA testing before any person begins serving a sentence for a serious crime, as well as
“On September 20th, 1986 a young woman was killed and, left behind at the scene, was a piece of DNA that investigators hoped would help solve the case” (Biemesderfer). There was no way to identify people yet. Nowadays, you can identify whose footprint it is by investigators and
The Department of Justice says, "States began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples. " That DNA evidence can help convict someone of a crime and it helps to uncover more things about the crime itself. Investigators have been using forensic science to help them solve cases since before the 90 's, mostly fingerprints that were found at the crime scenes and on the victims (O 'Brien). DNA evidence has solved countless cases including ones that happened over a prolonged period of time because of the technological advancements there is
Today, practical methods of using fingerprinting are extremely wide. In 1995, the size of the FBI fingerprint card archive contained over 200 million items, and archive size was increasing at the rate of 30,000 to 50,000 new cards per day [2]. Forensic science was the very first and most important area of its application, which still remains. The rapid development of computer technology has made it possible to create such fingerprint scanners that can be installed on laptops, cell phones, flash drives,
DNA has a massive job of keeping you alive. In essence, a microscopic strand of genes support your entire body and life. There are many smaller jobs protein has to accomplish that combine to accomplish the main job of supporting life. To start, DNA codes for proteins and every protein provide an essential biological function. Also, cells make up tissues, organs, and body systems.
DNA in forensic science The majority of cells making up the human body are diploid cells carrying identical DNA, with the exception of haploid gametes and red blood cells. Several types of biological evidence such as blood and hair are commonly used in forensic science, which is the scientific study of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal matters. Forensic science is used for the purpose of DNA analysis, this is the analysis of DNA samples to determine if it came from a particular individual. DNA analysis is done by obtaining DNA samples from an individual; next, a large sample of DNA is produced from amplified selected sequences from the DNA collected.