Introduction
The carbohydrate is such an important macromolecule. It is the main source of energy for our body so our body cannot survive without it. The carbohydrate may appear in different shapes. The classification of carbohydrate depends on the structure of the molecule. The first one is monosaccharides that contain only one sugar unit. For example, glucose, fructose and galactose. The second one is disaccharides that contain two sugar units. For example, lactose, maltose and sucrose. The third one is oligosaccharides that contain three to ten sugar units. For example, raffinose and stachyose. The last one is polysaccharides that can contain more than thousand sugar units and it is usually glucose. For example, amylose, amylopectin and glycogen. (1)
The glycogen is the energy storage form of glucose in animals and human body. When the carbohydrate enters a body, the body will divide it into the simplest form of the sugar that is glucose so it can be used as energy source. Then the excessive glucose will
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After added all the results from his experiments, he discovered the glycogen. At that time, he did not know the specific structure of glycogen. He only knew that the glycogen contains many glucose units but he was not able to describe the bonds and all these details of the structure. (3)
After the discovery of the glycogen, a lot of scientists tried to figure out the specific structure of glycogen and the bonds inside it. Until they end up with the structure we have it nowadays. (Figure 1)
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose. It is highly branched. In one branch, the glucose units connected to each other by α-1, 4 glycosidic linkages. And connected two branches by α-1, 6 glycosidic linkages. The glycogen has one reducing end that contains a free carbon number and many non-reducing end that are the location of all glucose removals or additions. (4) (5)
Our bodies take in the glucose and turn it into energy we can then use. When we let glucose in, we are raising our insulin and glucose levels. Insulin is the hormone in people’s bodies that grants glucose access into our bloodstreams. However, insulin keeps our blood levels from raising or lowering, and it stores the fat to use for energy later on. Unfortunately, people have no control over the insulin function, though they do have control over the types of food they eat that contain certain amounts of glucose.
Testing for the Presence of Macromolecules in McDonald’s Happy Meals Clayton Wagoner MST Biology White 4 duPont Manual High School Introduction Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic molecules found in every living organism. These macromolecules are large carbon based structures. The macromolecules are assembled by joining several smaller units, called monomers, together through a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis. The resulting polymer can be disassembled through the complementary process called hydrolysis.
LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.26.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3.
Introduction This lab was conducted at Station 8 in Room 103 of the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building at Michigan Technological University. The primary objective of this lab was to: Find the viscosity in cP of 10 wt% sucrose, 20 wt% sucrose, 30 wt% sucrose, 40 wt% sucrose, 45 wt% sucrose, 50 wt% sucrose, 60 wt% sucrose, 65 wt% sucrose, and 2 mystery sucrose and water solutions at room temperature, 40°C, and 60°C. The secondary objectives of the lab were to: Find the dependence of viscosity in cP on the concentration in wt% sucrose and temperature in °C.
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use control variables to help identify different macromolecules. Biological systems are made up of these four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) which make them the most abundant macromolecule on the earth. Lipids (oils and fats, phospholipids and steroids) are insoluble in water and perform many functions such as energy source, essential nutrients, hormones and insulators (Lehman, 1955).
Glucose, which is a six-carbon sugar, is at that moment divided into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. The breaking down of glucose, takes place in the cell’s cytoplasm. Glucose and oxygen are produced from this breakage, and are supplied to cells by the bloodstream. Also produced by glycolysis are, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 high energy electron carrying molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis happens with or without the presence of oxygen.
B-galactosidase breaks down the disaccharide lactose into simple sugars glucose and galactose. However, glucose is a colorless compound hence it has to be substituted with a compound that is detectable by a visible color change. Hence,
For lactose to be absorbed, it must first be split into two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. The glucose and galactose are then absorbed by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactose intolerance is caused by reduced or absent activity of lactase that prevents the splitting of lactose (Marks). The breakdown of milk into its component building blocks allows it to be readily absorbed into our blood streams so its calories from sugars, lactose, proteins, casein, fats, vitamins, and minerals can be used efficiently.
The results of the phenol-sulfuric acid analysis conducted in this experiment suggest that the data acquired was relatively precise but inaccurate with respect to the given carbohydrate concentrations of the soda and Gatorade samples. Using a standard curve generated from a glucose solution with a known concentration, the carbohydrate concentration of the samples was determined (in terms of glucose) and a low coefficient of variation was calculated. However, a high percent relative error was apparent in the analysis of both samples. This may have been due to the fact that the analysis was conducted assuming glucose was the carbohydrate of interest, while, in fact, a significant portion of the monosaccharides would have existed as fructose (a
Sugar/ glucose is an important carbohydrate that can be made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. Carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product when energy is released by the breaking down of glucose. This can be used by plant cells in the process of photosynthesis to form new carbohydrates. Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can break down sugars (glucose) to help produce carbon dioxide. Research Question
Based on the Beer-Lambert Law, the absorbance of light of a sample is directly proportional to the concentration of the molecule which absorbs light. Distilled water is used as a blank solution to set the spectrometer to a zero reading due to none of the absorbing species present in the solution tested. In this experiment, heat is used to speed up the browning of reducing sugar to produce furan. It is due to the chemical reaction of the reducing sugar with the free amino group of an amino acid. The amino group that is present in monosaccharides sugar are a short chain, therefore it is more reactive.
Joshua Miller 12/18/17 Fermentation Lab report Introduction The term fermentation refers to the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat (wikipedia). Sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol when fermentation happens. In this experiment we determined if yeast cells undergo fermentation when placed in a closed flask with no oxygen. Glucose and yeast are mixed together in a closed flask and allowed to incubate for about one hour.
As we know, carbohydrates are one of the main sources of energy for the body. Carbohydrates cover starches, sugars, and fibers that can be found in grains, vegetables, and fruits, as well as milk products. Nutritionists will say that removing all kind of carbohydrates from your diet will not be good for the body as carbohydrates provide energy for the working muscles and fuel for the central nervous system and brain function. Carbohydrates also provide carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen at chemical level. In short, carbohydrates are important for the body and should not be removed or replaced with anything on your dietary routine.
• Carbohydrate metabolism: • Gluconeogenesis: The formation of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate and glycerol. • Glycogenolysis: The formation of glucose from delglucógeno. • Glucogenosíntesis: The synthesis of glycogen from glucose. • Elimination of insulin and other hormones.
Although, I might admit since the weathers been cold lately I have been lacking and I do wish to increase my physical activity. In all the foods we consume, we are always consuming macronutrients, such as fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, each with its own very unique way of providing to our body. Carbohydrates, for example, provide energy for the brain, nerve and red blood cells. Carbohydrates are also excellent for high intensity exercises.