INTRODUCTION
What is erosion, sediment and its courses in South Africa?
Erosion: it’s the process of soil particle breaking down and Sediment it’s the soil that has moved from its original because of water movement speed or volume. Sometimes it can cause by the different temperatures between day and night. Sediments make the water appear brownish-grey; they are an indicator of increased water runoff, land degradation, erosion due to intensive industrialized land use, land sealing, and poor soil management. Erosion occurs when the top layer of soil is swept away by natural or man-made forces, making it extremely difficult to grow any vegetation on the site. Erosion can turn once healthy, vibrant land into arid, lifeless terrain and further cause landslides and mudslides.
Objectives
Water, wind and gravity cause the Earth soil particles to move and erode naturally. Humans clearing and moving land for development causes all processes to expedite and intensify. Here at South Africa objectives it divided into many categories because of its functions.
Erosion and sediment control on steep slopes as a bioengineering technique
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It has been used successfully for Steep batter stabilisation on highway and railway constructions, and for protection of mine infrastructure such as
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It disturbing the growing of crops as it removes the surface that good for the crops.To control soil erosion on low gradient lands subject to deep overland flooding. Crops are planted on the contour in a sequence of crop, stubble and fallow strips of uniform width arranged perpendicular to the flood flow direction with the aim of spreading the flood waters laterally, thus reducing the depth, velocity and consequently the erosivity of flow. Strip cropping uses a similar
3.1 1. Minerals have a few distinguishing characteristics that differ them from other materials. One of the biggest characteristic that minerals poses is they are naturally occurring, inorganic element or compound. Another is the hardness of the mineral. Minerals also have the characteristics of very different cleavage shapes.
Lake Huron on the other hand, has less dunes than Lake Michigan due to the fact that the western winds blow the sand back into the lake, making for a sandy bottom. Lake Superior has the only sand dunes on the Keweenaw Peninsula, which were blown in after the glacial departure. Glaciers may have played a large role in the shaping of Michigan but they were not the only foundation. There are actually three different groups of factors that cause erosion: terrestrial forces, aquatic forces and human activities. There are a handful of aquatic forces that have been a part of the shaping of
Rivers change the shape of the earth by eroding away sediments of the earth's surface. There are four different types of erosion created by rivers: hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Hydraulic action is when the river bank is weakened by the velocity of the river, which allows air to enter small breaks in the river bank, and the bank slowly erodes away. Abrasion is when the bed and bank of the river is worn away by rocks carried by the river. Attrition is when rocks in the river forcefully hit each other and create smaller sediments.
The purpose of this report is determine if sodium chloride is a viable option as a deicer on winter roads. To determine this, one must compare a multitude of factors. In this lab, the freezing point depression of water, enthalpy of dissolution, cost, and environmental impact will be discussed. A large factor in how effective a substance is as a deicer is it’s ability to decrease the freezing point of water. If the freezing point of water can be lowered, the outside temperature must be much colder to reach this new freezing point, resulting in less ice on the roads.
In the years following World War I the increase in farmland only continued, but while farming stayed on an upward trend the average amount of rainfall per year was on a downward trend. As they reached the depression in the mid 1930’s the Great Plains states were in a drought falling from an average of 33.4 inches of rain a year to as low as 9.7 inches, while anything lower than 20 inches being considered catastrophic (Document E). This drought on its own would not have been problematic if not for the ever increasing amounts of topsoil that was left vulnerable by the farming methods of the time. All the loose topsoil due to farming methods hit by a nearly decade long drought and hard winds completely lifted the topsoil off of the ground and blew it away. Topsoil that originated in Texas was blown as far away as New
Places that have sparse or seasonal rainfall could not sustain agriculture without irrigation. In areas that have irregular precipitation, irrigation improves crop growth and quality. By allowing farmers to grow crops on a consistent schedule, irrigation also creates more reliable food supplies. In document 3 it says "These irrigation systems was the first of their kind and allowed Mesopotamia to grow a surplus of wheat and other crops." this shows why irrigation systems are important and how they impacted the world.
The dust bowl was one of the most tragic event that ever happened in united states history it caused a lot of damage to a lot of states and impacted a lot of american lives. The dust bowl caused families to leave homes and families to go hunger on this tragic event. In april 18, 1935 a huge black cloud piled on western horizon which caused a big impact on people´s home. The dust bowl was mainly caused by drought,disappearing of a root system, And the mechanics of farming these are the main sources that caused the dust bowl and Impacted the tragic event towards american lives.
Now we can see that the more land the farmers use with heavy mechanisms like tractors, the more soil and dirt is exposed. With the grass gone and dirt open, wind and dust will carry it up in the air and collect more and more when time goes
4. Habitat alteration: Removal and reduction of natural habitat by flooding, soil erosion and water
Prior to the construction of the Allatoona Reservoir, periodic flooding of the Etowah River deposited sediment onto or scoured sediment away from the
Agricultural practices did as well. Farmers had been using intensive farming techniques such as monoculture, overgrazing, and deep plowing to maximize their crop yields. These practices led to the depletion of soil nutrients, leaving it vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. Additionally, farmers had removed native grasses that held the soil together and replaced them with crops like wheat. When drought hit the region in the 1930’s, these unsustainable practices exacerbated its effects.
Since the location was near to the Maribyrnong River, the procedure must be further stimulated by the existence of the river in the ecosystem, and this is happening from the further upstream. As for the downstream, it carried by the sediment that deposited at the riverbanks of the Maribyrnong River. Weathering and erosion of the primary rock in the early stage were leading to the deposition of sediment, and the younger sediment progressively replaced the older sediment which along the riverbank (Figure 2.3). Further away from the Maribyrnong river a little bit where the river flow was gradually rapid, some Marine deposits from the Ordovician Period was found such as mudstone, interbedded shale and greywacke, which may
Many people lose their livelihood, for e.g. farmers. These people will need to be compensated, which is usually costly. The cost depends on amount of compensation to be paid to the local people affected by erosion. Land Management Maintenance of sand dunes provide a natural defence against the sea.
Poldering is the provision of a ring bund surrounding the area to be protected. This is normally carried out for an area which has high damage potential but for which the cost on overall basin-wide protection would be prohibitive. It includes the provision of internal drainage for the area to be protected and the evacuation of flood water by pumping during periods of high river flows. Canalization also suitable in overcome flash flood. Canalization works include the widening and deepening of channels as well as lining the banks and beds of the channels.
2.8.2 Urbanization Urbanization led many areas becomes more modernized. Lowland areas have been reclaimed by taking land from the hills. There are also small rivers that filled up to be used as a building site. Activities such as these are a common factor of flooding. In the past, creeks and valleys turned into water flow, now the area has been covered with soil.