Analysis of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 – A Constitutional Approach towards Forest Conservation According to Hindu Mythology, Forest are precious and base for human survival. They are worshiped by individuals in different form by different community with their distinct rituals and customs. Lord Krishna had also give his valuable contribution by forwarding the message of forest conservation through Shrimad Bhagavad Gita. Importance of forest also stated by Ramayana and Mahabharata with the respective quotes. In the early part of British era, our forest were exploited. Expensive and rare available trees like Sal, teak and sandalwood were cut down and exported it. Gradually the British government had started to earn revenue from the forests. …show more content…
To build the ships for war, as well as for railway purpose, many forests were cut down. World War II had made the situation worst. Though between these two world war, some regeneration and plantation of trees was increased but just to satisfy the revenue and war needs. The purpose of forest conservation was not achieved. After independence in 1947, forestry importance were recognized by the new forest policy, 1952 with the main aim of protecting forest by maintaining the 1/3rd portion of India’s land as forest. This was the first step towards forest conservation after the independence by the Indian government. The major change occurred in 1976, as forest came in concurrent list. Even five-year plans were introduced under the theme of development without destruction and forests for survival respectively by aiming wildlife preservation and tribal economy …show more content…
After this, The Forest Act of 1865 came next and it empowered the colonial government to appropriate to itself any land covered with trees. Then Indian Forest Act of 1878 came which created absolute monopoly over forests and forest resources. We had forest policy of 1894 which emphasis on management of forest for the general well-being of the country and maintenance of adequate forests to preserve climatic and physical conditions of the country and to fulfill needs of the people. Indian Forest Act of 1927 which was more industrial friendly and responsible for a serious depletion of forest cover in the country. And now we have The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 which serves twin objectives of restricting the use of forest land for a non-forest purposes and preventing the de-reservation of
Between 1850 and 1910, forests were cleared at a rate
One of the action were Indian Intercourse Act of 1790. This basically said that no land is to be taken unless by their free consent or by the right of conquest in case of just war. Next was the fur trade regulation. The trade brought handsome profits to private companies such as John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company (1808).Both Native Americans and white particpated in this. Indians in return for thier fur secured blankets, guns, rum and ironwear.
Roosevelt did not agree with Muir that all of the land should be closed off for wildlife because of the resources. Eighty million acres of that land was planned to be used for resources, and the rest is national forest. Most of the resources being preserved were trees, and trees are mainly used to build homes. Some forests were preserved while others were harvested of trees. Then, when the forest would have low amounts of trees, the preserved forest and the harvested forest will switch roles.
Forests were cut down, making lumber/timber rare. However, despite
In 1905, Roosevelt helped fund the U.S. Forest Service. The U.S. Forest Service was created to protect natural areas and forests from excessive development. Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to be head of the Forest Service. Like President Roosevelt, Pinchot advise a policy to conserve the natural environment while balance out the demands of economic development the need to conserve the natural environment. Under Roosevelt, the federal government set out of the way almost 150 million acres of national
The Impact of the Indian Act on Canadian Society and First Nations Identity is massive. The Indian Act had a goal of assimilating the First Nations, therefore influencing their identity and culture and also influencing Canadian Society as a whole. There are many aspects of this which will be looked into. The first step is to understand the Indian Act, which will be paragraph one. The next step is to look at the challenges left behind from the Indian Act on both the European and First Nations sides, which will be paragraph two.
In hopes of helping the issue of vanishing natural resources, Teddy Roosevelt made the forest reserve act to preserve some natural resources that are needed on daily basis in the U.S. This act would protect 300,000 square miles of trees in the U.S. With the forest reserve act the U.S was able to calm issues of missing resources and wildfires that
They are being cut down for fun, or for as long as a dollar can be made out of it (Document A). These trees, as long as the ones cut down are replanted, could be used as the foundation for the future generation, serving as the paper bound by a cover, as the furniture used to live in, as part of the pencil to write their ingenious ideas on. Deforestation is still a problem today, but luckily for us there are trees still standing. Our mission is to keep them standing, or else our futures will burst into flames before our very eyes, like the firewood burned in a fireplace during
The government has passed many conservation policies to protect animals, eco-systems, plants and trees itself and indigenous people’s way of life, but many of these policies get overlooked and require a lot of extra work. How it affects the rest of the world- This action is permanent, and all of the world is targeted as a potential setting for deforestation. It is predicted that the continuing action may result in very few rainforest across the entire globe. Cutting trees can also be harmful to our ozone layer, which protects earth from dangerous radiation.
According to Dr. Lalvani, under British rule, endangered species were protected and national parks were opened. Yet in reality, forests were logged and turned into farms for cash crops like indigo, cotton and tobacco. Resulting in higher temperatures, increased salt content in the soil making it harder to grow crops and reducing the amount of available water (Document 6). National parks are meant to save and protect both the land and animals living there. Logging those forests for the purpose of cash crops didn’t follow these two very simple guidelines.
John Muir, a Scottish naturalist, who valued nature as its sprit and quality had spent years in preserving resources, became to contradict with Gifford Pinchot. Gifford Pinchot the head of Forest Service hence believed that lands was not necessarily needed to be preserved but to be conserved. From Pinchot’s view, resources were in need of protection for efficiency in management, so that the program could increase the profitability for business interests in the long term. Theodore Roosevelt approached, as a conservationist instead of preservationist, in means of increase and sustains the resources of United States and industries that depend upon them. Therefore, he designated two hundred million acres as hundred and fifty new national forests, mineral reserves, potential waterpower sites, and created five national parks and eighteen national monuments to the list of protected lands in total.
The protection of environment is crucial to the wellbeing of this planet. The job of government is to protect and preserve the land on which its people live. However, there is a bill being considered that completely goes against this, one that calls for the eradication of the Environmental Protection Agency, a government program created to protect human and environmental wellbeing through their regulation of laws. I urge you to oppose bill H.R. 861 - the termination of the Environmental Protection Agency - because of the ways that the EPA protects air, water, and land.
Complicated Negotiations and Unclear Objectives in Global Forest Treaties International multilateral agreements require negotiations to occur between parties to agree to terms that are in the interest of all parties. Treaties can take several years to fully form, to be accurately implemented and justly enforced. Further, while parties look to past agreements to decide upon strategies, no two treaties and their processes of formation are the same. Likewise, different types of global issues will not undergo the same negotiations. While the trade of endangered species has been targeted by international agreements such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) or the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), the topic of conserving global forests has been debated without the formation of any legally binding agreements.
• Mughal rulers contributed by way of magnificent gardens, bountiful orchards and pleasure parks. However, though they spent a large time enjoying nature, they did not make great efforts in the direction of natural forest cover conservation. British Era The British colonialism undoubtedly brought about a depletion of India’s rich natural resource. This was in line with the Judeo Christian Principle that all resources & nature belonged to men and were meant for the exclusive use & benefit of the human species alone.
Sustainable forest management requires three major criteria which are the maintenance of ecological processes within the forest (soil formation, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient and hydrological cycles), maintenance of biodiversity of forest, improving the net social benefits derived from the mixture of forest uses within the constraints by considering the future. Forest provides habitats for more than half of the fauna and flora on the Earth (SCBD, 2001). Forest biome plays an important role in mitigating climate change by serving as carbon sinks (Hassan et al., 2005). Forest land is the most fundamental natural resources which become reduced mainly due to anthropogenic pressures. For proper management of land, it is essential to have information about existing land cover and about the naturalness of the land.